****************
^ tOTH:
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
"The Right to Information, The Right to Live"
Jawaharlal Nehru
"Step Out From the Old to the New" '
SP 7 : Group 3 (2005) : NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005
GROUP 3 [CED 46: National Building Code]
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
Invent a New India Using Knowledge
Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam
"Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen"
BLANK PAGE
^*-:gv
^^35^*
PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT
W^ ^ Wl^ «|ePI Pwtui ^rf^ 2005
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF INDIA 2005
Group 3
NATIONAL
BUILDING
CODE OF INDIA
2005
GROUP 3
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
SP 7 (Group 3) : 2005
FIRST PUBLISHED 1970
FIRST REVISION 1983
SECOND REVISION 2005
© BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
ICS 0.120; 91.040.01
ISBN 81-7061-026-5
PRICE Rs. 1080.00
PUBLISHED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR
MARG, NEW DELHI 110 002, PRINTED AT SUNSHINE PROCESS, C- 105/5, NARAINA INDUSTRIAL
AREA, PHASE I, NEW DELHI 110 028 (INDIA).
BIS Website: www.bis.org.in
(iv)
FOREWORD
Construction programmes are interwoven in a large measure in all sectors of development, be it housing, transport,
industry, irrigation, power, agriculture, education or health. Construction, both public and private, accounts for
about fifty percent of the total outlay in any Five Year Plan. Half of the total money spent on construction
activities is spent on buildings for residential, industrial, commercial, administrative, education, medical, municipal
and entertainment uses. It is estimated that about half of the total outlay on buildings would be on housing. It is
imperative that for such a large national investment, optimum returns are assured and wastage in construction is
avoided.
Soon after the Third Plan, the Planning Commission decided that the whole gamut of operations involved in
construction, such as, administrative, organizational, financial and technical aspects, be studied in depth. For this
study, a Panel of Experts was appointed in 1965 by the Planning Commission and its recommendations are found
in the 'Report on Economies in Construction Costs' published in 1968.
One of the facets of building construction, namely, controlling and regulating buildings through municipal byelaws
and departmental handbooks received the attention of the Panel and a study of these regulatory practices revealed
that some of the prevailing methods of construction were outmoded; some designs were overburdened with
safety factors and there were other design criteria which, in the light of newer techniques and methodologies,
could be rationalized; and building byelaws and regulations of municipal bodies which largely regulate the
building activity in the country wherever they exist, were outdated. They did not cater to the use of new building
materials and the latest developments in building designs and construction techniques. It also became clear that
these codes and byelaws lacked uniformity and they were more often than not 'specification oriented' and not
'performance oriented' .
These studies resulted in a recommendation that a National Building Code be prepared to unify the building
regulations throughout the country for use by government departments, municipal bodies and other construction
agencies. The then Indian Standards Institution (now Bureau of Indian Standards) was entrusted by the Planning
Commission with the preparation of the National Building Code. For fulfilling this task a Guiding Committee for
the preparation of the Code was set up by the Civil Engineering Division Council of the Indian Standards Institution
in 1967. This Committee, in turn, set up 18 specialist panels to prepare the various parts of the Code. The
Guiding Committee and its panels were constituted with architects, planners, materials experts, structural,
construction, electrical illumination, air conditioning, acoustics and public health engineers and town planners.
These experts were drawn from the Central and State Governments, local bodies, professional institutions and
private agencies. The first version of the Code was published in 1970.
After the National Building Code of India was published in 1970, a vigorous implementation drive was launched
by the Indian Standards Institution to propagate the contents and use of the Code among all concerned in the field
of planning, designing and construction activities. For this, State-wise Implementation Conferences were organized
with the participation of the leading engineers, architects, town planners, administrators, building material
manufacturers, building and plumbing services installation agencies, contractors, etc.
These Conferences were useful in getting across the contents of the Code to the interests concerned. These
Conferences had also helped in the establishment of Action Committees to look into the actual implementation
work carried out by the construction departments, local bodies and other agencies in different States. The main
actions taken by the Action Committees were to revise and modernize their existing regulatory media, such as,
specifications, handbooks, manuals, etc, as well as building byelaws of local bodies like municipalities at city
and town levels, zilla parishads, panchayats and development authorities, so as to bring them in line with the
provisions contained in the National Building Code of India. In this process, the Indian Standards Institution
rendered considerable support in redrafting process.
Since the publication in 1970 version of the National Building Code of India, a large number of comments and
useful suggestions for modifications and additions to different parts and sections of the Code were received as a
result of use of the Code by all concerned, and revision work of building byelaws of some States. Based on the
comments and suggestion received the National Building Code of India 1970 was revised in 1983.
(V)
Some of the important changes in 1983 version included : addition of development control rules, requirements
for greenbelts and landscaping including norms for plantation of shrubs and trees, special requirements for low
income housing; fire safety regulations for high rise buildings; revision of structural design section based on new
and revised codes, such as Concrete Codes (plain and reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete). Earthquake
Code, Masonry Code; addition of outside design conditions for important cities in the country, requirements
relating to noise and vibration, air filter, automatic control, energy conservation for air conditioning; and guidance
on the design of water supply system for multi- storey ed buildings.
The National Building Code of India is a single document in which, like a network, the information contained in
various Indian Standards is woven into a pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements
of Sections carefully analyzed and fitted in to make the whole document a cogent continuous volume. A continuous
thread of 'preplanning' is woven which, in itself, contributes considerably to the economies in construction
particularly in building and plumbing services.
The Code contains regulations which can be immediately adopted or enacted for use by various departments,
municipal administrations and public bodies. It lays down a set of minimum provisions designed to protect the
safety of the public with regard to structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health aspects of buildings; so long as
these basic requirements are met, the choice of materials and methods of design and construction is left to the
ingenuity of the building professionals. The Code also covers aspects of administrative regulations, development
control rules and general building requirements; fire protection requirements; stipulations regarding materials
and structural design; rules for design of electrical installations, lighting, air conditioning and lifts; regulation for
ventilation, acoustics and plumbing services, such as, water supply, drainage, sanitation and gas supply; measures
to ensure safety of workers and public during construction; and rules for erection of signs and outdoor display
structures.
Some other important points covered by the Code include 'industrialized systems of building' and 'architectural
control'. The increase in population in the years to come will have a serious impact on the housing problem. It
has been estimated that the urban population of India will continue to increase with such pace as to maintain the
pressure on demand of accommodation for them. Speed of construction is thus of an utmost importance and
special consideration has to be given to industrialized systems of building. With increased building activity, it is
also essential that there should be some architectural control in the development of our cities and towns if
creation of ugliness and slum- like conditions in our urban areas is to be avoided.
Since the publication of 1983 version of National Building Code of India, the construction industry has gone
through major technological advancement. In the last two decades, substantial expertise has been gained in the
areas of building planning, designing and construction. Also, lot of developments have taken places in the techno-
legal regime and techno-financial regime, apart from the enormous experience gained in dealing with natural
calamities like super cyclones and earthquakes faced by the country. Further, since the last revision in 1983
based on the changes effected in the Steel Code, Masonry Code and Loading Code as also in order to update the
fire protection requirements, three amendments were brought out to the 1983 version of the Code. Considering
these, it was decided to take up a comprehensive revision of the National Building Code of India.
The changes incorporated in the present Code, which is second revision of the Code, have been specified in the
Foreword to each Part/Section of the Code. Some of the important changes are:
a) A new Part 0 'Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying the Provisions of the Code' emphasizing
on multi-disciplinary team approach for successfully accomplishing building/development project, has
been incorporated.
b) New chapters on significant areas like structural design using bamboo, mixed/composite construction
and landscaping have been added.
c) Number of provisions relating to reform in administration of the Code as also assigning duties and
responsibilities to all concerned professionals, have been incorporated/modified. Also detailed provisions/
performance to ensure structural sufficiency of buildings, have been prescribed so as to facilitate
implementation of the related requirements to help safely face the challenges during natural disasters
like earthquake.
d) Planning norms and requirements for hilly areas and rural habitat planning, apart from detailed planning
norms for large number of amenities have been incorporated.
e) Fire safety aspects have been distinctly categorized into fire prevention, life safety and fire protection
(vi)
giving detailed treatment to each based on current international developments and latest practices followed
in the country.
f) Aspects like energy conservation and sustainable development have been consistently dealt with in
various parts and sections through appropriate design, usage and practices with regard to building
materials, construction technologies and building and plumbing services. Renewable resources like
bamboo and practices like rain water harvesting have been given their due place.
g) The latest revised earthquake code, IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 'Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structures: Part 1 General provisions and buildings', has been incorporated, due implementation of the
provisions of which in applicable seismic zone of the country, needs to be duly adhered to by the
Authorities.
The Code now published is the third version representing the present state of knowledge on various aspects of
building construction. The process of preparation of the 2005 version of the Code had thrown up a number of
problems; some of them were answered fully and some partially. Therefore, a continuous programme will go on
by which additional knowledge that is gained through technological evolution, users' views over a period of time
pinpointing areas of clarification and coverage and results of research in the field, would be incorporated in to
the Code from time to time to make it a living document. It is, therefore, proposed to bring out changes to the
Code periodically.
The provisions of this Code are intended to serve as a model for adoption by Public Works Departments and
other government construction departments, local bodies and other construction agencies. Existing PWD codes,
municipal byelaws and other regulatory media could either be replaced by the National Building Code of India
or suitably modified to cater to local requirements in accordance with the provisions of the Code. Any difficulties
encountered in adoption of the Code could be brought to the notice of the Sectional Committee for corrective
action.
This publication forms part of the National Building Code of India 2005 and contains
the following Parts:
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
The provisions contained in this publication which would guide the concerned
professionals in the field to execute the various constructional operations in a safe and
efficient manner.
(vii)
National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46
Chairman
Dr H. C. ViSVESVARAYA
'Chandrika', at 15th Cross, 63-64 East Park Road
Malleswaram, Bangalore 560 003
Vice-Chairman
ShRI V. SURESH
P-233/3, Officers Enclave,
Air Force Station, Rajokari, New Delhi 1 10 038
Organization
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad
Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, Bangalore
Builders Association of India, Mumbai
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power), New Delhi
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
(Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation),
New Delhi
Central Public Works Department (Central Designs Organization),
New Delhi
Central Public Works Department (Electrical Department),
New Delhi
Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Anna University,
Chennai
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, Chennai
Construction Industry Development Council, New Delhi
Council of Architecture, New Delhi
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi
Delhi Fire Service, Government of National Capital Territory
of Delhi, Delhi
Department of Science and Technology (Ministry of Science
and Technology), New Delhi
Directorate General of Employment and Training, New Delhi
Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
Forest Research Institute (Indian Council for Forestry Research
and Education), Dehra Dun
Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
Representative(s)
Shri Vatsal S. Patel
Shri Jagdish A. Patel (Alternate)
Shri M. R. Sreenivasa Murthy
Shri R. Ramegowda (Alternate I)
Shri N. Krishna (Alternate II)
Shri B. G. Ahuia
Shri T. N. Gupta & Shri D. B. N. Rao
Representative
Shri V. K. Mathur
Shri B. S. Gupta (Alternate)
Shri B. B. Uppal
Shri V. K. Chaurasia (Alternate)
Chief Engineer (Designs)
Superintending Engineer (S & S) (Alternate)
Chief Engineer (Electrical) I
Director
Member Secretary
Shri N. V. Rakhunath (Alternate)
Shri P. R. Swarup
Shri Anil Chadha (Alternate)
Shri Premendra Raj Mehta
Shri Sudhir Vohra (Alternate)
Engineer Member
Chief Engineer (HQ) (Alternate)
Shri R. C. Sharma
Shri V. Rao Alyagari
Shri Ashwani Kumar
Brig S. K. Sharma
Shri D. K. Dinker (Alternate)
Director General
Director (Alternate)
Chairman & Managing Director
Shri R. K. Safaya (Alternate)
Shri D. B. Mahajan
Dr M. D. Desai (Alternate)
( viii )
Organization
Indian Institute of Technology (Centre for Energy Studies),
New Delhi
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
Institute of Town Planners, India, New Delhi
Institution of Fire Engineers (India), New Delhi
Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi
Ministry of Home Affairs (Disaster Management Division),
New Delhi
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai
National Buildings Construction Corporation, New Delhi
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh
National Design and Research Forum, The Institution of Engineers
(India), Bangalore
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR),
Nagpur
North Eastern Council, Shillong
Public Works Department (Roads and Buildings), Gandhinagar
Research, Designs and Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways),
Lucknow
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai
Suri and Suri Consulting Acoustical Engineers, New Delhi
The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
The Indian Institute of Architects, New Delhi
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata
The Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi
Town and Country Planning Organization, New Delhi
U.P. Housing and Development Board, Lucknow
Unitech Ltd, Gurgaon
In personal capacity (5, Sunder Nagar, New Delhi 110 003)
BIS Directorate General
Representative(s)
Prof N. K. Bansal
Chief Engineer (Design), CPWD
Superintending Engineer (Design), CPWD (Alternate)
Dr S. K. Kulshrestha
President
General Secretary (Alternate)
Fire Advisor
Shri M. p. Sajnani
Shri S. K. Swami (Alternate)
Dr T. C. Tripathi
Shri S. B. Basu
Shri P. Halder (Alternate)
Director (Engg Services & Proiects)
City Engineer (Alternate)
Shri B. Prasad
Shri N. P. Agarwal (Alternate)
Shri Shiban Raina
Dr Anil Kumar (Alternate)
Prof R. Narayana Iyengar
Shri B. Suresh (Alternate)
Dr Arindam Ghosh
Dr V. P. Deshpande (Alternate)
Shri P. K. Deb
Shri V. P. Jamdar
Shri M. S. Jallundhwala (Alternate)
Shri R. K. Gupta
Shri J. P. Das (Alternate)
Director
Shri C. V. Vaidyanathan
Shri K. Mani (Alternate)
Shri Gautam Suri
Ms Mili Maiumdar
Ms Vidisha Salunke-Palsule (Alternate)
Shri Balbir Verma
Shri Abhijit Ray (Alternate)
Prof G. P. Lal
Shri O. P. Goel (Alternate)
Shri K. S. Kharb
Shri R. K. Bhalla (Alternate)
Shri K. T. Gurumukhi
Shri J. B. Kshirsagar (Alternate)
Shri Hari Gopal
Shri Sushil Sharma
Shri Shahid Mahmood (Alternate)
Dr J. R. Bhalla
Shri S. K. Jain, Director & Head (Civil Engineering)
[Representing Director General (Ex-ojficio Member)}
Member Secretary
Shri Saniay Pant
Joint Director (Civil Engineering), BIS
(ix)
Special Panel for Guiding
Revision of National Building
Organization
In personal capacity (P-233/3, Officers Enclave, Air Force Station,
Rajokari, New Delhi 110 038)
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
Council of Architecture, New Delhi
Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
and Co-ordinating the
Code of India, CED 46:SP
Representative(s)
Shri V. SuRESH (Convener)
Shri T. N. Gupta
Shri V. K. Mathur
Shri H. S. Dogra
Shri Premendra Raj Mehta
Lt-Gen Hari Uniyal
Prof G. P. Lal
Shri O. P. Goel (Alternate)
Shri Sanjay Pant
Ad-hoc Group for Part 0 of NBC, CED 46:AG
Organization
Representative! s)
In personal capacity ('Chandrika', at 15th Cross, 63-64, East Park Road, Dr H. C. Visvesvaraya (Convener)
Malleswaram, Bangalore 560 003)
Council of Architecture, New Delhi Shri Premendra Raj Mehta
In personal capacity (P-233/3, Officers Enclave, Air Force Station, Shri V. Suresh
Rajokari, New Delhi 110 038)
In personal capacity (A-39/B, DDA Flats, Munirka, New Delhi 110 067) Shri P. B. Vijay
In personal capacity (EA-345, Maya Enclave, New Delhi 110 064) Shri J. N. Bhavani Prasad
Panel for Constructional Practices and Safety, CED 46:P11
Organization
In personal capacity (103, Charak Sadan, Vikaspuri,
New Delhi 110 018)
Adlakha and Associates, New Delhi
Builders Association of India, Mumbai
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee
Central Public Works Department. New Delhi
Construction Industries Development Council, New Delhi
Director General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute
(Ministry of Labour), Mumbai
Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai
Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute,
Bangalore
Larsen and Toubro Ltd, Chennai
National Building Construction Corporation, New Delhi
Representative(s)
Shri P. Krishnan (Convener)
Shri Pramod Adlakha
Shri Raj Pal Arora
Shri N. K. Shangari
Shri B. S. Gupta (Alternate)
Shri R. P. Bhardwaj
Shri P. R. Swarup
Shri Sunil Mahajan (Alternate)
Shri S. K. Dutta
Shri I. Roychowdhuri (Alternate)
Shri Dinesh Sikand
Shri A. K. Singh (Alternate)
Shri M. P. Jain
Shri A. K. Tandon (Alternate)
Shri K. N. Chatterjee
Shri S. C. Sarin (Alternate)
Shri H. Guruva Reddy
Shri M. Pavan Kumar (Alternate)
Shri R. P. Sakunia
Shri B. Prasad
Shri N. P. Agarwal (Alternate)
(x)
Organization
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
The Indian Institute of Architects, Mumbai
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata
Representative(s)
Dr V. Thiruvengadam
Shri Kailash Chandra Jaitia
Shri C. M. Sapra (Alternate)
Shri H. P. Jamdar
Shri K. B. Rajoria (Alternate)
Member Secretary
Shri Saniay Pant
Joint Director (Civil Engineering), BIS
Joint Member Secretary
Shri S. K. Verma
Deputy Director (Civil Engineering), BIS
(xi)
Important Explanatory Note for Users of Code
In this Code, where reference is made to 'accepted standards' in relation to material
specification, testing or other related information or where reference is made to 'good practice'
in relation to design, constructional procedures or other related information, the Indian
Standards listed at the end of the concerned Parts/Sections may be used to the interpretation
of these terms.
At the time of publication, the editions indicated in the above Indian Standards were valid.
All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on the Parts/Sections
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards.
In the list of standards given at the end of each Part/Section, the number appearing in the
first column indicates the number of the reference in that Part/Section. For example:
a) good practice [7(4)] refers to the standard given at serial number 4 of the list of standards
given at the end of Part 7, that is IS 2190 : 1992 'Code of practice for selection,
installation and maintenance of portable first-aid fire extinguishers {third revisionY .
b) good practice [7(7)] refers to the standard given at serial number 7 of the list of standards
given at the end of Part 7, that is IS 3764 : 1992 'Safety code of excavation work {first
revisiony .
c) accepted standard 7(9) refers to the standard given at serial number 9 of the list of
standards given at the end of Part 7, that is IS 2925 : 1984 'Specification for industrial
safety helmets {second revisiony .
d) accepted standard 7(18) refers to the standard given at serial number 18 of the list of
standards given at the end of Part 7, that is IS 1 1057 : 1984 'Specification for industrial
safety nets'.
e) good practice [7(37)] refers to the standard given at serial number 37 of the list of
standards given at the end of Part 7, that is IS 4130 : 1991 'Safety code for demolition
of buildings {second revisiony .
( xiii )
INFORMATION FOR THE USERS
For the convenience of the users, the National Building Code of India 2005 is available as a comprehensive
volume as well as in the following five groups, each incorporating the related Parts/Sections dealing with particular
area of building activity:
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Administration
Development Control Rules and General Building
Requirements
Fire and Life Safety
Building Materials
Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design
Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Group 1 For Development, Building Part 0:
Planning and Related
Aspects Part 2:
Part 3:
Part 4:
Part 5:
Part 10:
Group 2 For Structural Design and Part 0:
Related Aspects
Part 6:
Group 3 For Construction Related
Aspects including Safety
Group 4 For Aspects Relating to
Building Services
PartO:
Part?:
PartO:
Part 8:
Group 5 For Aspects Relating to
Plumbing Services
including Solid Waste
Management
PartO:
Part 9:
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Structural Design
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects
Section 2 Soils and Foundations
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
3A Timber
3B Bamboo
Section 4 Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
5B Prestressed Concrete
Section 6 Steel
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and
Mixed/Composite Construction
7A Prefabricated Concrete
7B Systems Building and Mixed/
Composite Construction
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Constructional Practices and Safety
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Building Services
Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 Air conditioning. Heating and Mechanical
Ventilation
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise
Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators
Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying
Provisions of the Code
Plumbing Services
Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation
(including Solid Waste Management)
Section 2 Gas Supply
The information contained in different groups will essentially serve the concerned professionals dealing in the
respective areas.
(xiv)
The National Building Code of India consists of the following Parts and Sections:
Part 0 Integb^ated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code
Part 1 Definitions
Part 2 Administration
Part 3 Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements
Part 4 Fire and Life Safety
Part 5 Building Materials
Part 6 Structural Design
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects
Section 2 Soils and Foundations
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
3A Timber
3B Bamboo
Section 4 Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
5B Prestressed Concrete
Section 6 Steel
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/Composite
Construction
7A Prefabricated Concrete
7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction
Part 7 Constructional Practices and Safety
Part 8 Building Services
Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators
Part 9 Plumbing Services
Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including Solid
Waste Management)
Section 2 Gas Supply
Part 10 Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design
Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Total Pages
... 12
... 16
... 24
... 64
... 88
... 40
... 104
... 48
... 50
... 24
... 44
... 90
... 6
... 8
... 22
... 12
70
48
68
48
44
42
90
14
30
24
(XV)
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR
APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 SCOPE
2 TERMINOLOGY
3 GENERAL
4 TEAM APPROACH
5 PLANNING, DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT
6 CONSTRUCTION/EXECUTION (ACTUALIZATION)
7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
5
5
5
5
6
7
ANNEX A BRIEF DETAILS OF THE COVERAGE OF VARIOUS PROVISIONS
UNDER DIFFERENT OTHER PARTS/SECTIONS OF THIS CODE
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46
FOREWORD
In order to provide safe and healthy habitat, careful consideration needs to be paid to the building construction
activity. Building planning, designing and construction activities have developed over the centuries. Large number
of ancient monuments and historical buildings all over the world bear testimony to the growth of civilization
from the prehistoric era with the extensive use of manual labour and simple systems as appropriate to those ages
to the present day mechanized and electronically controlled operations for designing and constructing buildings
and for operating and maintaining systems and services. In those days those buildings were conceptualized and
built by master builders with high levels of artisan skills. Technological and socio-economic developments in
recent times have led to remarkable increase in demand for more and more sophistication in buildings resulting
in ever increasing complexities. These perforce demand high levels of inputs from professionals of different
disciplines such as architecture, civil engineering, structural engineering, functional and life safety services
including special aspects relating to utilities, landscaping, etc in conceptualization, spatial planning, design and
construction of buildings of various material and technology streams, with due regard to various services including
operation, maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation aspects throughout the service life of the building.
This Code, besides prescribing the various provisions, also allows freedom of action to adopt appropriate practices
and provides for building planning, designing and construction for absorbing traditional practices as well as
latest developments in knowledge in the various disciplines as relevant to a building including computer aided
and/or other modern sensors aided activities in the various stages of conceptuahzation, planning, designing,
constructing, maintaining and repairing the buildings. India being a large country with substantial variations
from region to region, this Code has endeavoured to meet the requirements of different regions of the country,
both urban and rural, by taking into consideration factors, such as, climatic and environmental conditions,
geographical terrain, proneness to natural disasters, ecologically appropriate practices, use of eco-friendly materials,
reduction of pollution, protection and improvement of local environment and also socio-economic considerations,
towards the creation of sustainable human settlements.
This Part of the Code dealing with 'integrated approach' is being included for the first time. It gives an overall
direction for practical applications of the provisions of different specialized aspects of spatial planning, designing
and construction of buildings, creation of services, and proposes an integrated approach for utilizing appropriate
knowledge and experience of qualified professionals right from the conceptualization through construction and
completion stages of a building project and indeed during the entire life cycle. The 'integrated approach' should
not only take care of functional, aesthetic and safety aspects, but also the operational and maintenance requirements.
Also, cost optimization has to be achieved through proper selection of materials, techniques, equipment
installations, etc. Further, value engineering and appropriate management techniques should be applied to achieve
the aim set forth for the purpose of construction of a building fully meeting the specified and implied needs of
spatial functions, safety and durability aspects, life and health safety, comfort, services, etc in the building.
The aim of the 'integrated approach' is to get the maximum benefit from the building and its services in terms of
quality, timely completion and cost-effectiveness. In the team approach which is an essential pre -requisite for
integrated approach, the aim clearly is to maximize the efficiency of the total system through appropriate
optimization of each of its sub-systems. In other words, in the team, the inputs from each of the professional
disciplines have to be so optimized that the total system's efficiency becomes the maximum. It may be re-
emphasized that maximizing the efficiencies of each sub-system may not necessarily assure the maximization of
the efficiency of the total system. It need hardly to be stated that specified or imphed safety will always get
precedence over functional efficiency and economy. Further, progressive approach such as that relating to the
concept of intelligent buildings would be best taken care of by the 'integrated approach' as laid down in this Part.
Quality systems approach and certification thereunder covering the various dimensions brought out above may
go a long way in achieving the above goal of real integrated approach.
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR
APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
1 SCOPE
This Part covers guidelines to be followed for judicious
implementation of the provisions of various Parts/
Sections of the Code.
2 TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this Part, the following
definitions and those given in Part 1 'Definitions' shall
apply.
2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction — The Authority
which has been created by a statute and which, for the
purpose of administering the Code/Part, may authorize
a committee or an official or an agency to act on its
behalf; hereinafter called the 'Authority' .
2.2 Building — Any structure for whatsoever purpose
and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part
thereof whether used as human habitation or not and
includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs,
chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed
platforms, VERANDAH, balcony, cornice or projection,
part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any
wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space
and signs and outdoor display structures. Tents/
SHAMIANAHS/PANDALS, tarpaulin shelters, etc,
erected for temporary and ceremonial occasions shall
not be considered as building.
2.3 Owner — Person or body having a legal interest
in land and/or building thereon. This includes free
holders, leaseholders or those holding a sub-lease
which both bestows a legal right to occupation and
gives rise to liabilities in respect of safety or building
condition.
In case of lease or sub-lease holders, as far as ownership
with respect to the structure is concerned, the structure
of a flat or structure on a plot belongs to the allottee/
lessee till the allotment/lease subsists.
NOTE — For the purpose of the Code, the word 'owner' will
also cover the generally understood terms like 'client', 'user',
etc.
3 GENERAL
3.1 Buildings, shall be classified as Residential,
Educational, Institutional, Assembly, Business,
Mercantile, Industrial, Storage and Hazardous in
groups and sub-division as classified in Part 4 'Fire
and Life Safety'.
For further sub-classification of buildings and various
related provisions thereof with respect to administration;
development control rules and general building
requirements; building materials; fire and life safety;
structural design; constructional practices and safety;
building and plumbing services; and landscaping, signs
and outdoor display structures, other parts/sections of
the Code may be referred to.
3.2 The scope of various Parts/Sections of the Code
which cover detailed provisions on different aspects
of development of land/building construction activity,
are given in Annex A, with a view to providing an
overview for the users of the Code.
4 TEAM APPROACH
A land development/building project comprises the
following major stages:
a) Location/siting,
b) Conceptualization and planning,
c) Designing and detailing,
d) Construction/execution, and
e) Maintenance and repair.
Each stage necessarily requires professionals of many
disciplines who should work together as a well
coordinated team to achieve the desired product
delivery with quality, in an effective manner.
Appropriate multi-disciplinary teams need to be
constituted to successfully meet the requirements of
different stages. Each team may comprise need based
professionals out of the following depending upon the
nature, magnitude and complexity of the project:
a) Architect,
b) Civil engineer,
c) Structural engineer,
d) Electrical engineer,
e) Plumbing engineer,
f) Fire protection engineer,
g) HVAC engineer,
h) Environment specialist,
j) Town planner,
k) Urban designer,
m) Landscape architect,
n) Security system specialist,
p) Interior designer,
q) Quantity surveyor,
r) Project/construction manager, and
s) Other subject specialist(s).
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH
4.1 Design Team
In building projects various aspects like form; space
planning; aesthetics; fire and life safety; structural
adequacy; plumbing services; lighting and natural
ventilation; electrical and allied installations; air
conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilation;
acoustics, sound insulation and noise control;
installation of lifts and escalators; building automation;
data and voice communication; other utility services
installations; landscape planning and design; urban
planning; etc need to be kept in view right at the
concept stage. The project requiring such multi-
disciplinary inputs need a co-ordinated approach
among the professionals for proper integration of
various design inputs. For this, and to take care of the
complexities of multi-disciplinary requirements, a
design team of professionals from required disciplines
shall be constituted at the appropriate stage. Here, it is
desirable that the multi-disciplinary integration is
initiated right from the concept stage. The team shall
finalize the plan. The composition of the team shall
depend on the nature and magnitude of the project.
Design is an evolutionary and participatory process,
where participation of owner constitutes a very
important input at all stages, and the same shall be
ensured by the design team.
To ensure proper implementation of the design, the
design team, may be associated during the construction/
execution stage.
4.2 Project Management and Construction
Management Teams
The objective of project management or construction
management is primarily to achieve accomplishment
of project in accordance with the designs and
specifications in a stipulated time and cost framework,
with a degree of assurance prior to commencement and
satisfaction on accomplishment.
For large projects, separate teams of experienced
professionals from the required disciplines may
be constituted for project management and for
construction management depending upon the
complexities of the project. However, for smaller
projects these teams may be combined. The teams shall
be responsible for day-to-day execution, supervision,
quality control, etc and shall ensure inter-disciplinary
co-ordination during the construction stage. The team
shall be responsible to achieve satisfactory completion
of the project with regard to cost, time and quality.
Some members of the design team may also be
included in the project management team and/or
associated actively during the project execution stage.
It is important that leaders and members of project
management/construction management teams.
depending on the size and complexity of the project,
are carefully selected considering their qualification,
experience and expertise in these fields.
4.3 Operation and Maintenance Team
Operation, maintenance and repairs also require a
multi-disciplinary approach to ensure that all the
requirements of the users are satisfactorily met. During
maintenance and repairs, the jobs requiring inter-
disciplinary co-ordination have to be executed in such
a manner as not only to cause least inconvenience to
the user but also to ensure that there is no mismatch or
damage to the structure, finishings, fittings and fixtures.
For carrying out routine maintenance/repair jobs,
utilization of the services of trained technicians
preferably having multi-disciplinary skills should be
encouraged.
Special repairs, rehabilitation and retrofitting are
specialized jobs which demand knowledge of the
existing structure/installations. Association of
concerned specialists may be helpful for these works.
The Operation and Maintenance Team may also be
known as Asset Management or Estate Management
Team.
5 PLANNING, DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1 The main functions of design team (see 4.1)
constituted for the planning, designing and development,
are as under:
a) Formalization of design brief in consultation
with the owner.
b) Site investigation/survey.
c) Preparation of alternative concept designs.
d) Selection of a concept in consultation with
and with the consent of owner.
e) Sizing the system.
f) Development of design, covering :
1) Integration of architecture, structure and
services,
2) Synthesis of requirements of each
discipline, and
3) Interaction with each other and with the
owner.
g) Preparation of preliminary designs and
drawings and obtaining owner's approval.
h) Preparation of preliminary cost estimates for
approval of owner,
j) Preparation of work-breakdown structure and
programme for pre-construction activities,
k) Assisting client to obtain approvals of the
Authority,
m) Preparation of detailed specification and
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
construction working drawings with integration
of engineering inputs of all concerned
disciplines,
n) Preparation of detailed design of each
discipline for various services.
p) Peer review/proof checking of the drawings/
designs in case of important projects,
depending upon their complexity and
sensitivity,
q) Preparation of detailed cost estimate,
r) Obtaining final approval of client.
s) Preparation of bill of quantities, specifications
and tender documents.
5.2 The following considerations, as may be
applicable to the project, may be considered during
planning, notwithstanding other relevant aspects
specifically prescribed in concerned parts/sections of
this Code; these considerations in general are with the
objective of addressing to the important issues like
environmental protection, energy conservation,
cultural issues, creating barrier free built-environment,
safety aspects, etc, all of these leading towards
sustainable development, and have to be applied with
due regard to the specific requirements of size and type
of project:
a) Geoclimatic, geological and topographical
features.
b) Varied sociological pattern of living in the
country.
c) Effective land use to cater to the needs of the
society in a most convenient manner.
d) Modular planning and standardization to
take care of future planning giving due
consideration to the specified planning
controls.
e) Emphasis on daylight utilization, natural
ventilation, shielding, and window area
and its disposition; daylighting to be
supplemented with an integrated design of
artificial lighting.
f) Optimum utilization of renewable energy
sources duly integrated in the overall energy
system design; with consideration of active
and passive aspects in building design
including thermal performance of building
envelope.
g) Rain water harvesting, and use of appropriate
building materials considering aspects
like energy consumption in production,
transportation and utilization, recyclability,
etc for promoting sustainable development.
h) Requisite mandatory provisions for
handicapped persons.
j) Acoustical controls for buildings and the
surroundings,
k) Promotion of artwork in buildings, specially
buildings of importance,
m) Due cognizance of recommendations of the
Archeological Survey of India with regard to
national monuments and construction in
archeologically important sites.
n) Due cognizance of relevant provisions of
applicable coastal zone regulation act.
p) Conservation of heritage structures and areas,
q) Environmental and social impact analysis,
r) Design of services with emphasis on aspects
of energy efficiency, environment friendliness
and maintainability,
s) Integrated waste management.
t) Voice and data communication, automation
of building services, and intelligent building;
use of security and surveillance system in
important and sensitive buildings, such as,
access control for the people as well as for
vehicle,
u) Interlinking of fire alarm system, fire
protection system, security system, ventilation,
electrical systems, etc.
v) Analysis of emergency power, standby power
requirement and captive power systems,
w) Cost optimization through techniques like
value engineering.
y) Adoption of innovative technologies giving
due consideration to constructability and
quality aspects,
z) Instrumentation of buildings and monitoring
and use of information so generated to effect
improvements in planning and design of
future building projects.
6 CONSTRUCTION/EXECUTION
(ACTUALIZATION)
6.1 The main functions of the teams (see 4.2)
constituted for Project Management/Construction
Management may be, to :
a) specify criteria for selection of constructors;
b) specify quality control, quality audit system
and safety system;
c) short-list constructors;
d) have pre-bid meetings with the intending
constructors;
e) receive and evaluate tenders;
f) select constructors;
g) execution and supervision;
h) monitor quality, time and cost control;
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH
j) prepare/certify the completion (as-built)
drawings; and
k) ensure availability of operation manuals for
field use.
6.2 Apart from the specific provisions laid down in
the concerned Parts/Sections of the Code, the following
considerations, as may be applicable to the project
concerned, shall be given due attention:
a) Adopting scientific principles of construction
management, quality management, cost and
time control.
b) Engagement of executing and supervising
agencies, which meet the specified norms of
skills, specialization, experience, resource-
fulness, etc for the work.
c) Ensuring inter-disciplinary co-ordination
during construction.
d) Contract management and techno-legal
aspects.
e) Completion, commissioning and trial run of
installations/equipments and their operation
and maintenance through the suppliers/other
teams, where necessary.
f) Make available shop drawings as well as as-
built drawings for the building and services.
g) Arrange all maintenance and operation
manual from the concerned suppliers/
manufacturers.
6.3 The team of professionals {see 4.2) shall work
and monitor the project activities for successful
construction/execution of the project with regard to
cost, time, quality and safety.
7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
7.1 The team of professionals (see 4.3) shall set up a
system of periodic maintenance and upkeep of
constructed buildings.
7.2 The operation and maintenance team shall be
responsible for preparation/application of operation
and maintenance manual, and draw maintenance
schedule/frequencies and guidelines for maintenance
personnel. Apart from the specific provisions laid down
in concerned Parts/Sections of the Code, the following,
as may be applicable to the project concerned shall
additionally be taken into account;
a) Periodic validation of buildings by competent
professionals through inspection of the
buildings in respect of structural safety and
safety of electrical and other installations and
ensuring that all fire safety equipments/
systems are in proper working condition.
b) Preparation of preventive maintenance
schedules for all installations in the building
and strictly following the same; the record of
the preventive maintenance to be properly
kept.
c) Ensuring inter-disciplinary co-ordination
during maintenance and repairs; deployment
of trained personnel with multi-disciplinary
skills to be encouraged.
d) Condition survey of structures and
installations, identification of distress of
various elements and initiating plans for
rehabilitation/retrofitting well in time.
7.3 The proposals for rehabilitation/retrofitting should
be prepared after detailed investigations through visual
inspection, maintenance records and testing as required
and got executed through specialized agencies
under the guidance and supervision of competent
professionals.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
ANNEX A
{Clause 3.2)
BRIEF DETAILS OF THE COVERAGE OF VARIOUS PROVISIONS UNDER
DIFFERENT OTHER PARTS/SECTIONS OF THIS CODE
A-1 PART 1 DEFINITIONS
It lists the terms appearing in all the Parts/Sections of
the Code. However, some common definitions are
reproduced in this Part also.
A-2 PART 2 ADMINISTRATION
It covers the administrative aspects of the Code, such
as applicability of the Code, organization of building
department for enforcement of the Code, procedure
for obtaining development and building permits, and
responsibility of the owner and all professionals
involved in the planning, design and construction of
the building.
A-3 PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
It covers the development control rules and general
building requirements for proper planning and design
at the layout and building level to ensure health safety,
public safety and desired quality of life.
A-4 PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
It covers the requirements for fire prevention, life
safety in relation to fire, and fire protection of
buildings. The Code specifies planning and
construction features and fire protection features for
all occupancies that are necessary to minimize danger
to life and property.
A-5 PARTS BUILDING MATERIALS
It covers the requirements of building materials and
components, and criteria for accepting new or
alternative building materials and components.
A-6 PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
This Part through its seven sections provides for
structural adequacy of buildings to deal with both
internal and external environment, and provide
guidance to engineers/structural engineers for varied
usage of material/technology types for building
design.
A-6.1 Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects
It covers basic design loads to be assumed in the design
of buildings. The live loads, wind loads, seismic loads,
snow loads and other loads, which are specified therein,
are minimum working loads which should be taken
into consideration for purposes of design.
A-6.2 Section 2 Soils and Foundations
It covers structural design (principles) of all building
foundations, such as, raft, pile and other foundation
systems to ensure safety and serviceability without
exceeding the permissible stresses of the materials of
foundations and the bearing capacity of the supporting
soil.
A-6.3 Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
A-6.3.1 Section 3A Timber
It covers the use of structural timber in structures or
elements of structures connected together by fasteners/
fastening techniques.
A-6.3.2 Section 3B Bamboo
It covers the use of bamboo for constructional purposes
in structures or elements of the structure, ensuring
quality and effectiveness of design and construction
using bamboo. It covers minimum strength data,
dimensional and grading requirements, seasoning,
preservative treatment, design and jointing techniques
with bamboo which would facilitate scientific
application and long-term performance of structures.
It also covers guidelines so as to ensure proper
procurement, storage, precautions and design
limitations on bamboo.
A-6.4 Section 4 Masonry
It covers the structural design aspects of unreinforced
load bearing and non-load bearing walls, constructed
using various bricks, stones and blocks permitted in
accordance with this Section. This, however, also
covers provisions for design of reinforced brick and
reinforced brick concrete floors and roofs. It also
covers guidelines regarding earthquake resistance of
low strength masonry buildings.
A-6.5 Section 5 Concrete
A-6.5.1 Section 5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
It covers the general structural use of plain and
reinforced concrete.
A-6.5.2 Section 5B Prestressed Concrete
It covers the general structural use of prestressed
concrete. It covers both work carried out on site and
the manufacture of precast prestressed concrete
units.
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH
A-6.6 Section 6 Steel
It covers the use of structural steel in general building
construction including the use of hot rolled steel
sections and steel tubes.
A-6.7 Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building
and Mixed/Composite Construction
A-6.7.1 Section 7 A Prefabricated Concrete
It covers recommendations regarding modular
planning, component sizes, prefabrication systems,
design considerations, joints and manufacture, storage,
transport and erection of prefabricated concrete
elements for use in buildings and such related
requirements for prefabricated concrete.
A-6.7.2 Section 7B Systems Building and Mixed/
Composite Construction
It covers recommendations regarding modular
planning, component sizes, joints, manufacture,
storage, transport and erection of prefabricated
elements for use in buildings and such related
requirements for mixed/composite construction.
A-7 PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
AND SAFETY
It covers the constructional planning, management and
practices in buildings; storage, stacking and handling
of materials and safety of personnel during construction
operations for all elements of a building and demolition
of buildings. It also covers guidelines relating to
maintenance management, repairs, retrofitting and
strengthening of buildings. The objective can be best
achieved through proper coordination and working by
the project management and construction management
teams.
A-8 PARTS BUILDING SERVICES
This Part through its five elaborate sections on utilities
provides detailed guidance to concerned professionals/
utility engineers for meeting necessary functional
requirements in buildings.
A-8.1 Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
It covers requirements and methods for lighting and
ventilation of buildings.
A-8.2 Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
It covers the essential requirements for electrical and
allied installations in buildings to ensure efficient use
of electricity including safety from fire and shock. This
Section also includes general requirements relating to
lightning protection of buildings.
A-8.3 Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and
Mechanical Ventilation
This Section covers the design, construction and
installation of air conditioning and heating systems and
equipment installed in buildings for the purpose
of providing and maintaining conditions of air
temperature, humidity, purity and distribution suitable
for the use and occupancy of the space.
A-8.4 Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and
Noise Control
It covers requirements and guidelines regarding
planning against noise, acceptable noise levels and the
requirements for sound insulation in buildings with
different occupancies.
A-8. 5 Section 5 Installation of Lifts and
Escalators
It covers the essential requirements for the installation,
operation, maintenance and also inspection of lifts
(passenger lifts, goods lifts, hospital lifts, service lifts
and dumb-waiter) and escalators so as to ensure safe
and satisfactory performance.
A-9 PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES
This Part through its two sections gives detailed
guidance to concerned professionals/plumbing
engineers with regard to plumbing and other related
requirements in buildings.
A-9.1 Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and
Sanitation (Including Solid Waste Management)
It covers the basic requirements of water supply for
residential, business and other types of buildings,
including traffic terminal stations. This Section also
deals with general requirements of plumbing connected
to public water supply and design of water supply
systems.
It also covers the design, layout, construction and
maintenance of drains for foul water, surface water
and sub-soil water and sewage; together with all
ancillary works, such as connections, manholes and
inspection chambers used within the building and from
building to the connection to a public sewer, private
sewer, individual sewage-disposal system, cess-pool,
soakaway or to other approved point of disposal/
treatment work. It also includes the provisions on solid
waste management.
A-9.2 Section 2 Gas Supply
It covers the requirements regarding the safety of persons
and property for all piping uses and for all types of gases
used for fuel or lighting purposes in buildings.
10
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
A-10 PART 10 LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND A-10.2 Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display
OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES Structures
A-10.1 Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design It covers the requirements with regard to public safety.
It covers requirements of landscape planning and structural safety and fire safety of all signs and outdoor
design with the view to promoting quahty of outdoor "^'""P^^y structures including the overall aesthetical
built environment and protection of land and its aspects of imposition of signs and outdoor display
resources structures in the outdoor built environment.
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH 11
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 SCOPE
SECTION 1 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
2 PLANNING, MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES
SECTION 2 STORAGE, STACKING AND HANDLING
PRACTICES
3 GENERAL
4 STORAGE, STACKING AND HANDLING OF MATERIALS
5 UNLOADING RAIL/ROAD WAGONS AND MOTOR VEHICLES
11
12
21
SECTION 3 SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION OF
ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING
6 GENERAL
7 TERMINOLOGY
8 TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION, USE OF SIDE WALLS AND
TEMPORARY ENCROACHMENTS
9 TESTING
1 0 INSPECTION AND RECTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS DEFECTS
11 FOUNDATIONS
12 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND COMMON HAZARDS DURING
EXCAVATION
1 3 PILING AND OTHER DEEP FOUNDATIONS
14 WALLS
1 5 COMMON HAZARDS DURING WALLING
16 ROOFING
17 ADDITIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ERECTION OF
CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES (HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS)
1 8 ADDITIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ERECTION OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK
19 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
20 FINISHES
21 FRAGILE FIXTURES
22 SAFETY IN SPECIAL OPERATIONS
23 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AND LIFTS
24 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
25 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
27
28
29
30
33
36
38
38
38
38
38
40
SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT, REPAIRS, RETROFITTING
AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS
26 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
40
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
27 PREVENTION OF CRACKS
28 REPAIRS AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS
46
47
SECTION 5 SAFETY IN DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS
29 GENERAL
30 PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO DEMOLITION
3 1 PRECAUTIONS DURING DEMOLITION
32 SEQUENCE OF DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
33 WALLS
34 FLOORING
35 DEMOLITION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
36 CATCH PLATFORM
37 STAIRS, PASSAGEWAYS AND LADDERS
38 MECHANICAL DEMOLITION
39 DEMOLITION OF CERTAIN SPECIAL TYPES AND ELEMENTS OF
STRUCTURES
40 LOWERING, REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS
41 MISCELLANEOUS
42 FIRST-AID
ANNEX A PROGRAMME EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE,
AND CRITICAL PATH METHOD
ANNEX B CHECK LIST FOR STACKING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS
ANNEX C COMMON CAUSES FOR MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS
ANNEX D FORMAT FOR INSPECTION REPORT
ANNEX E GUIDELINES FOR MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS
LIST OF STANDARDS
48
49
50
50
50
50
50
51
51
51
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46
FOREWORD
This Part of the Code emphasizes the importance of carrying out all constructional operations in a safe and
efficient manner. Workers in large number, both skilled and unskilled, are engaged in the innumerable construction
works. Due to increased tempo of such a building activity and large scale mechanization, hazards of accidents
could increase considerably. It is, therefore, imperative that adequate safety rules are laid down for every phase
of construction work.
Planning the various constructional operations before hand and making adequate arrangements for procurement
and storage of materials, and the machinery to get work done is as important as carrying out these constructional
operations in accordance with good practice. Lack of planning or defective planning may result in avoidable
delay in the completion of work and consequently increased hazards from the point of view of fire, health and
structural soundness.
The first version of this Part was prepared in 1970, which was subsequently revised in 1983. In the first revision,
information regarding handling operations, that is unloading, stacking, lifting, loading and conveying of building
materials, was also given along with the storage practices. Additional information regarding the use of ladders;
safety requirements for floor and wall openings, railings and toe boards; piling and other deep foundations;
constructions involving use of hot bituminous materials; and erection of structural steel work and concrete framed
structures, etc, were included.
As a result of experience gained in implementation of 1983 version of this part and feedback received as well as
in view of formulation of new standards in the field of constructional practices and safety and revision of some
existing standards, a need to revise this Part was felt. This revision has, therefore, been prepared to take care of
these aspects. The significant changes incorporated in this revision include:
a) The Section 1 Constructional Practices have been revamped and now includes the Planning and
Management aspects.
b) The provisions with regard to stacking and storage of building materials and components have been
updated and comprehensively covered in line with IS 4082 : 1996. This revision now also covers
provisions for materials like stones, blocks, roof tiles, partially prefabricated wall and roof components,
cinder, aluminium section, cast iron and aluminium sheets, plastic sheets, doors and windows, etc.
c) Provisions on constructional practices using bamboo have been included.
d) Provisions of safety requirements of hoists/lifts for worker during construction have been added.
e) Provisions with regard to safety at work site have been detailed incorporating aspects like preventive
measures, such as, falling material hazards prevention, fall prevention, disposal of debris, fire protection,
etc.
f) Provisions regarding safety management at work sites have been added.
g) A new section on 'Maintenance management, repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of buildings' has
been added, covering aspects like maintenance management, prevention of cracks, and repairs and
seismic strengthening of buildings.
h) Safety provisions with respect to demolition of buildings have been updated,
j) Reference to all the concerned Indian Standards have been updated.
Bamboo is a versatile renewable resource having low gestation period, characterized by high strength, low mass
and ease of working with simple tools. Resilience coupled with lightness makes it suitable for housing in
earthquake-prone and disaster-prone areas. It has the capacity to absorb more energy and shows larger deflections
before collapse and as such is safer under earth tremors. In this revision of this Part, therefore, provisions on
construction using bamboo have been incorporated. The structural design aspects are covered in Part 6 'Structural
Design, Section 3 Timber and Bamboo, 3B Bamboo'.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
The information contained in tliis Part is largely based on the following Indian Standards and Special Publications:
Title
Safety code for scaffolds and ladders:
Scaffolds
Ladders
Code of practice for excavation work (first revision)
Recommendations on stacking and storage of construction materials and components
at site {second revision)
Safety code for demolition of buildings {second revision)
Safety requirements for floor and wall openings, railing and toe boards (first revision)
Safety code for piling and other deep foundations
Safety code for construction involving use of hot bituminous materials
Safety code for erection of structural steel work
Safety code for handling and storage of building materials
Safety code for erection of concrete framed structures
Safety code for protective barrier in and around buildings
Recommendations for preventive measures against hazards at work places:
Falling material hazards prevention
Fall prevention
Disposal of debris
Timber structures
Fire protection
Code of practice for safety during additional construction and alteration to existing
buildings
IS No.
3696
(Part 1) : 1987
(Part 2): 1991
3764 : 1992
4082 : 1996
4130: 1991
4912 : 1978
5121 : 1969
5916 : 1970
7205 : 1974
7969 : 1975
8989 : 1978
13415 : 1992
13416
(Part 1)
1992
(Part 2)
1992
(Part 3)
1994
(Part 4)
1994
(Part 5)
1994
13430 : 1992
A reference to SP 62 : 1992 'Handbook on building construction practices (excluding electrical works)' and
SP 70 : 2001 'Handbook on construction safety practices' may also be made.
All standards, whether given herein above or cross referred to in the main text of this Part, are subject to revision.
The parties to agreement based on this Part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the standards.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
1 SCOPE
This Part of the Code covers the constructional
planning, management and practices in buildings;
storage, stacking and handling of materials and safety
of personnel during construction operations for all
elements of a building and demolition of buildings. It
also covers guidelines relating to maintenance
management, repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of
buildings.
SECTION 1 CONSTRUCTIONAL
PRACTICES
2 PLANNING, MANAGEMENT A>JD PRACTICES
2.1 Planning Aspects
Construction planning aspects aim to identify and
develop various stages of project execution on site
which should be consistent with the management
considerations. Planning aspects evolve out of the
objectives of project and requirements of the final
completed constructed facility. These objectives could
relate to the final constraints, cost considerations,
quality standards, safety standards, environmental
considerations and health considerations. Construction
practices would, then have to satisfy these objectives
during construction phase of the project.
Having established objectives of the construction
phase, planning determines processes, resources
(including materials, equipments, human and
environmental) and monitoring system to ensure that
the practices are appropriately aligned. Adequate
knowledge about pre-construction phase evolution of
project, especially related to customer' s requirements,
is an essential prerequisite for construction planning.
2.1.1 Preconstruction Phase
2.1.1.1 Besides the design aspects, preconstruction
phase should also address all the issues related to the
implementation of the design at the site through suitable
construction strategy. During the design stage, the site
conditions should be fully understood with anticipated
difficulties and avoid the risk of subsequent delays and
changes after the construction has started.
2.1.1.2 The selection of construction methods,
building systems and materials, components,
manpower and equipments and techniques are best
done in the preconstruction phase. Such selection is
influenced by the local conditions like terrain, climate,
vulnerability for disasters, etc.
2.1.1.3 Construction in busy localities of cities needs
special considerations and meticulous planning due to
restricted space, adjoining structures, underground
utilities, traffic restrictions, noise and other
environmental pollution and other specific site
constraints.
2.1.1.4 The constructability aspects of the proposed
construction methods needs to be carefully evaluated
at the planning stage to ensure ease of construction
besides optimizing the construction schedule and
achieving quality, reliability and maintainability of the
constructed facilities.
2.1.1.5 Constructional practices in hilly regions needs
to take into considerations the problem of landslides,
slope stability, drainage, etc, besides ensuring no
adverse impact on the fragile environmental conditions.
2.1.1.6 Durability of constructions in corrosive
atmospheric conditions like coastal regions and
aggressive ground situations with high chlorides and
sulphates should also be taken care of with appropriate
constructional practices.
2.1.1.7 Constructional practices in disaster prone areas
need specific planning. The type of construction, use
of materials, construction techniques require special
considerations in such areas.
2.1.1.8 Adverse weather conditions have strong
bearing on construction phase. Situations wherein
constructions are to be carried out in adverse weather
conditions, such as heavy and continuous rain fall,
extreme hot or cold weather, dust storms, etc, the
practices have to address the relevant aspects.
Accordingly, suitable design and field operations
should be adapted or redefined in anticipation of these
aspects. Some of these aspects are:
a) Site layout which enables accessibility in
adverse weather.
b) Adequate protected storage for weather
sensitive materials/equipments.
c) Protections to personnel from extreme hot/
control conditions.
d) Scheduling to allow maximization of outdoor
activities during fair weather conditions.
e) Special design and construction provisions for
activities in extreme temperature conditions
like hot or cold weather concreting, staple of
false work in extreme wind conditions (gusts).
f) Adequate lighting for shorter days in winter/
night work.
g) Design for early enclosure.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
2.1.2 Resource Planning
Resource planning aims to identify requirement,
availability and regulatory /control processes related to
resources. Resource planning is a generic expression
but the actual process of planning is specific to the
resources considered.
In construction phases, the resources could be
categorized as materials, manufactured products,
equipments for construction, installation and
fabrication, human resources as a part of overall
organization, information resources, such as, reference
standards and other practice documents, environmental
conditions for work on site and infrastructure facilities.
Therefore, the resource planning encompasses
identification, estimation, scheduling and allocation of
resources. Resource planning needs to establish
a control system for controlling consumption
monitoring, corrective action and resource reappropriation
in the event of favourable deviation. Organizational
capability, commitment to the project requirements and
other constraints such as time and cost, need to be
considered as inputs while planning resources.
Techniques of management and planning, such as.
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
and Critical Path Method (CPM) (see Annex A) may
be used.
Non-availability of basic building materials (brick,
stone aggregate, etc) within reasonable lead would
influence the constructional practice by alternative
materials. The constructional practices also get
decided by the local skills of the manpower for
constructional activities. The equipment selection
would also be governed by the site constraints.
Therefore, as, the resource planning is critical to the
project viability itself, the inputs to the resource
planning need to be validated appropriately and
established for such management. Resource planning
should establish a proper system of data collection
so as to facilitate effective resources control
mechanism. Resource planning responsibility has to
be specifically defined in the overall organizational
setup.
2.1.3 Construction Phase
2.1.3.1 Organizational structure
The site management should be carried out through
suitable site organization structure with roles and
responsibilities assigned to the construction personnel
for various construction related functions. Safety
management is one of the important components of
site management.
2.1.3.2 Site layout
The layout of the construction site should be carefully
planned keeping in view the various requirements to
construction activities and the specific constraints in
terms of its size, shape, topography, traffic and other
restrictions, in public interest. A well planned site
layout would enable safe smooth and efficient
construction operations. The site layout should take
into considerations the following factors:
a) Easy access and exit, with proper parking of
vehicle and equipments during construction.
b) Properly located material stores for easy
handling and storage.
c) Adequate stack areas for bulk construction
materials.
d) Optimum location of plants and equipments
(batching plants, etc).
e) Layout of temporary services (water, power,
power suppression unit, hoists, cranes,
elevators, etc).
f) Adequate yard lighting and lighting for night
shifts.
g) Temporary buildings; site office and shelter
for workforce with use of non-combustible
materials as far as possible including
emergency medical aids.
h) Roads for vehicular movement with effective
drainage plan,
j) Construction safety with emergency access
and evacuations and security measures,
k) Fabrication yards for reinforcement
assembly, concrete precasting and shuttering
materials,
m) Fencing, barricades and signages.
2.1.3.3 Access for fire fighting equipment vehicles
Access for fire fighting equipment shall be provided
to the construction site at the start of construction and
maintained until all construction work is completed.
2.1.3.3.1 Free access from the street to fire hydrants/
static water tanks, where available, shall be provided
and maintained at all times.
2.1.3.3.2 No materials for construction shall be placed
within 3 m of hydrants/static water tanks.
2.1.3.3.3 During building operations, free access to
permanent, temporary or portable first-aid fire fighting
equipment shall be maintained at all times.
2.1.3.4 Access to the upper floors during construction
In all buildings over two storeys high, at least one
stairway shall be provided in usable condition at all
times. This stairway shall be extended upward as each
floor is completed. There shall be a handrail on the
staircase.
8
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
2.1.3.5 Construction strategy and construction
sequence
Construction strategy and construction methods are to
be evolved at the planning and design stage specific to
the conditions and constraints of the project site and
implemented by the site management personnel to
ensure ease of construction and smooth flow of
construction activities. Sites of high water table
conditions with aggressive chemical contents of subsoil
needs special design considerations. Buildings with
basement in sites of high water table should be planned
with dewatering scheme with appropriate construction
sequence. Duration of dewatering should continue till
sufficient dead loads are achieved to stabilize the
buoyancy loads with adequate factor of safety. The
construction sequence should be planned taking into
consideration the following aspects:
a) Availability of resources (men, material and
equipment);
b) Construction methods employed including
prefabrication;
c) Planned construction time;
d) Design requirements and load transfer
mechanism;
e) Stability of ground like in hilly terrain;
f) Ensuring slope stability with retaining
structure before the main construction;
g) Installation and movement of heavy
equipments like cranes and piling equipments;
h) Effect of weather; and
j ) Minimum time to be spent below ground level
working.
2.1.4 Scope Management
Construction management efforts should ensure that
the project features and functions that characterise the
project scope remain as established during the design
finalization stage. Accordingly, construction phase
practices need to be oriented to manage the project
scope. As a part of overall project scope management
functions, the processes of scope planning, scope
definition and scope verification are associated with
the preconstruction phase of the project. The scope
monitoring and the change control are critical to the
construction phase leading to serious implications on
the time and cost aspects. In this respect, consolidated
brief of the project established at the end of the design
completion is an essential reference for scope baseline.
2.2 Construction Management
Construction phase of the project transfers the project
conceived on paper in the form of plans and designs,
into reality by use of resources like materials, machines
and men through one or more construction agencies.
To fulfil the construction scope with quality, in time
and under safe conditions within a reasonable cost, it
is desired that the project is planned for managing
construction for amalgamation of above resources for
their optimum use and its continuous monitoring.
Agencies managing the supervision and/or construction
are desired to plan and document a management system
with clear cut responsibilities and for managing various
parameters like scope, time, quality, health, safety and
environment and cost for implementation, monitoring
and control for their effectiveness. This may be
preferably inline with proven National/International
documentation system covering all aspects of
monitoring and controls. Various parameters to be
managed during construction are as below.
2.2.1 Time Management
Considering the importance of time in a project, it is
desirable that project is completed in the defined time
schedule to get its fruitful benefits. The system planned
should cover total schedule of completion with one or
more construction agencies, number of vendors,
identification of total resources, timely availability of
all inputs, including critical ones, its processing during
construction of a project. The system should include a
periodic review of a project with all parameters as well
as catch up plans in case of delay identified for controls
and reporting from time to time. The system planned
should preferably be computer friendly and simple to
follow for implementation, monitoring and controls
and for reporting from time-to-time.
2.2.2 Quality Management
Quality of a project should be planned for all activities
from inception to completion. It is desirable that the
system planned gives adequate assurance and controls
that it shall meet project quality objectives. The system
shall cover review of existing requirements, sub-
contracting, materials, processes and controls during
process, auditing, training of personnel, final inspection
and acceptance. All activities shall be planned and
controlled. Quality systems approach may be referred
for planning, suitable to a particular project for
implementation .
2.2.3 Health, Safety and Environement
Each project affects the safety and health of the
workmen and surroundings during construction.
Various activities having impact on health, safety and
environment need to be identified with their likely
effect and proposed preventive corrective actions,
together with the concerned statutory obligations. The
system planned for health, safety and environment shall
address and cover the above including use of personnel
protective equipments by all concerned, and reporting
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
on their monitoring and controls during project
implementation.
2.2.4 Cost Management
To keep the project under viable proposition, it is
desired that cost of the project during construction are
monitored and controlled through a documentation
system. The various parameters which may affect the
basic cost, escalations, cost due to variation in scope
and quantities, etc need to be monitored at a defined
frequency. The system planned may be in line with a
proven cost control method or similar in nature and
cost incurred vis-a-vis cost sanctioned and cost
anticipated to be reported and controlled from time to
time.
2.3 Construction Control and Practices
2.3.1 Professional Services and Responsibilities
The responsibility of professionals with regard to
planning designing and supervision of building
construction work, etc and that of the owner shall be
in accordance with Part 2 'Administration'. All
applications for permits and issuance of certificates,
etc shall be as given in Part 2 'Administration'.
Employment of trained workers shall be encouraged
for building construction activity.
2.3.2 Construction of all Elements
Construction of all elements of a building shall be in
accordance with good practice [7(1)]. Constructional
aspects using bamboo shall be as given in 2.3.3. It shall
also be ensured that the elements of structure satisfy
the appropriate fire resistance requirements as specified
in Part 4 'Fire and Life Safety', and quality of building
materials/components used shall be in accordance with
Part 5 'Building Materials'.
2.3.3 Construction Using Bamboo
2.3.3.1 Bamboo being a versatile resource characterized
by high strength, low mass and ease of working with
simple tools, it is desirable to increasingly make
appropriate use of this material. Design of structures
using bamboo shall be done in accordance with
Part 6 'Structural Design, Section 3 Timber and
Bamboo, 3B Bamboo'. For construction using bamboo,
some of the important constructional provisions given
in 2.3.3.2 to 2.3.3.6 shall be followed.
2.3.3.2 Working finishing
2.3.3.2.1 Bamboo can be cut and split easily with very
simple hand tools. Immature bamboos are soft, pliable
and can be moulded to desired shape. It takes polish
and paint well.
2.3.3.2.2 While it is possible to walk with bamboo
simply using a machete, a few basic tools, such as.
machete, hack saw, axe, hatchet, sharpening tools,
adze, chisel (20 mm), drill, wood rasps, steel rod, and
pliers, will greatly increase the effectiveness of the
construction process.
2.3.3.2.3 For providing safety to the structure against
fire, bamboo may be given fire retardant treatment
using following chemicals; a few drops of concentrated
HCl shall be added to the solution to dissolve the
precipitated salts:
Ammonium phosphate 3 parts
Boric acid 3 parts
Copper sulphate 1 part
Zinc chloride 5 parts
Sodium dichromate 3 parts
Water 100 parts
2.3.3.2.4 Foundations
Bamboo in direct contact with ground, bamboo on rock
or preformed concrete footing, bamboo incorporated
into concrete or bamboo piles may form the foundation
structure {see Fig. 1).
2.3.3.2.5 Floors
The floor of bamboo may be at ground level with
covering of bamboo matting, etc. In elevated floors,
bamboo members become an integral part of structural
framework of building. The floor will comprise
structural bamboo elements and bamboo decking.
2.3.3.2.6 Jointing Techniques
The jointing techniques in construction using bamboo
shall be in accordance with Part 6 'Structural Design,
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo, 3B Bamboo'.
2.3.4 Low Income Housing
For low income housing, appropriate planning and
selection of building materials and techniques of
construction have to be judiciously done and applied
in practice. Requirements of low income housing
specified in Part 3 'Development Control Rules and
General Building Requirements', shall be followed.
However, all requirements regarding structural safety,
health safety and fire safety shall be in accordance with
this Code.
2.3.5 Site Preparation
While preparing the site for construction, bush and
other wood, debris, etc, shall be removed and promptly
disposed of so as to minimize the attendant hazards.
Temporary buildings for construction offices and
storage shall be so located as to cause the minimum
fire hazards and shall be constructed from non-
combustible materials as far as possible.
10
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
1A BAMBOO ON PREFORMED
CONCRETE FOOTINGS
IB BAMBOO INCORPORATED INTO CONCRETE
FOOTINGS (SINGLE POST FOOTING)
1C BAMBOO OUT OF GROUND CONTACT ON STRIP FOOTINGS OF CONCRETE (LARGE
DIAMETER THICK WALLED BAMBOO WITH CLOSELY SPACED NODES TO BE USED)
Fig. 1 Bamboo Foundations
2.3.6 Use of New/Alternative Construction Techniques
The provisions of this part are not intended to prevent
use of any construction techniques including any
alternative materials, not specifically prescribed by the
Code, provided any such alternative has been approved.
The Authority may approve any such alternative such
as ferrocement construction, row-lock (rat trap) bond
in masonry, stretcher bond in filler slab and filler slab
provided it is found that the proposed alternative is
satisfactory and conforms to the provisions of relevant
parts regarding material, design and construction and
that material, method, or work offered is, for the
purpose intended, at least equivalent to that prescribed
in the Code in quality, strength, compatibility,
effectiveness, fire and water resistance, durability and
safety.
SECTION 2 STORAGE, STACKING AND
HANDLING PRACTICES
3 GENERAL
3.1 Planning and Storage Layout
3.1.1 For any site, there should be proper planning of
the layout for stacking and storage of different
materials, components and equipments with proper
access and proper manoeuvrability of the vehicles
carrying the material. While planning the layout, the
requirements of various materials, components and
equipments at different stages of construction shall be
considered.
3.1.2 Materials shall be segregated as to kind, size and
length and placed in neat, orderly piles that are safe
against falling. If piles are high they shall be stepped
back at suitable intervals in height. Piles of materials
shall be arranged so as to allow a passageway of not
less than 1 m width in between the piles or stacks for
inspection or removal. All passageways shall be kept
clear of dry vegetation.
3.1.3 Materials shall be stored, stacked and handled
in such a manner as to prevent deterioration or intrusion
of foreign matter and to ensure the preservation of their
quality and fitness for the work.
3.1.4 Materials shall be stacked on well drained, firm
and unyielding surface. Materials shall not be stacked
so as to impose any undue stresses on walls or other
structures.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
11
3.1.5 Materials shall be stacked in such a manner as
not to constitute a hazard to passerby. At such places
the stacks shall have suitable warning signs in day time
and red lights on and around them at night.
3.1.6 Stairways, passageways and gangways shall not
become obstructed by storage of building materials,
tools or accumulated rubbish.
3.2 Protection Against Atmospheric Agencies
Materials stored at site, depending upon the individual
characteristics, shall be protected from atmospheric
actions, such as rain, sun, winds and moisture, to avoid
deterioration.
3.3 Manual Handling
When heavy materials have to be handled manually
each workman shall be instructed by his foreman or
supervisor for the proper method of handling such
materials. Each workman shall be provided with
suitable equipment for his personal safety as necessary.
Supervisors shall also take care to assign enough men
to each such job depending on the weight and the
distance involved.
3.4 Protection Against Fire and Other Hazards
3.4.1 Materials, like timber, bamboo, coal, paints, etc,
shall be stored in such a way that there may not be any
possibility of fire hazards. Inflammable materials like
kerosene and petrol, shall be stored in accordance with
the relevant rules and regulations so as to ensure the
desired safety during storage. Stacks shall not be piled
so high as to make them unstable under fire fighting
conditions and in general they shall not be more than
4.5 m in height. The provisions given in good practice
[7(2)] shall be followed. Explosives like detonators
shall be stored in accordance with the existing
regulations of Indian Explosives Act.
3.4.2 Materials which are likely to be affected by
subsidence of soil like precast beams, slabs and timber
of sizes shall be stored by adopting suitable measures
to ensure unyielding supports.
3.4.3 Materials liable to be affected by floods, tides,
etc shall be suitably stored to prevent their being
washed away or damaged due to floods, tides, etc.
4 STORAGE, STACKING AND HANDLING OF
MATERIALS
4.1 The storage stacking and handling of materials
generally used in construction shall be as given in 4.2
to 4.31, which have been summarized in the form of a
check list in Annex B. Exposure to asbestos fibres/
dust is known to be harmful to health of human beings.
Prescribed guidelines in accordance with good practice
[7(3)] shall be followed for handling and usage asbestos
cement products.
4.2 Cement
a) Storage and Stacking — Cement shall be
stored at the work site in a building or a shed
which is dry, leakproof and as moisture-proof
as possible. The building or shed for storage
should have minimum number of windows
and close fitting doors and these should be
kept closed as far as possible.
Cement received in bags shall be kept in such
a way that the bags are kept free from the
possibility of any dampness or moisture
coming in contact with them. Cement bags
shall be stacked off the floor on wooden
planks in such a way as to keep them about
150 mm to 200 mm clear above the floor. The
floor may comprise lean cement concrete or
two layers of dry bricks laid on a well
consolidated earth. A space of 600 mm
minimum shall be left alround between the
exterior walls and the stacks (see Fig. 2). In
the stacks the cement bags shall be kept close
together to reduce circulation of air as such
as possible. Owing to pressure on bottom
layer of bags sometimes 'warehouse pack' is
developed in these bags. This can be removed
easily by rolling the bags when cement is
taken out for use. Lumped bags, if any should
be removed and disposed off.
The height of stack shall not be more than 10
bags to prevent the possibility of lumping up
under pressure. The width of the stack shall
be not more than four bags length or 3 metres.
In stacks more than 8 bags high, the cement
bags shall be arranged alternately length-wise
and cross-wise so as to tie the stacks together
and minimize the danger of toppling over.
Cement bags shall be stacked in a manner to
facilitate their removal and use in the order
in which they are received; a table showing
date of receipt of cement shall be put on each
stack to know the age of cement.
For extra safety during monsoon, or when it
is expected to store for an unusually long
period, the stack shall be completely enclosed
by a water proofing membrane such as
polyethylene, which shall close on the top of
the stack. Care shall be taken to see that the
waterproofing membrane is not damaged any
time during the use.
Cement in gunny bags, paper bags and
polyethylene bags shall be stored separately.
In case cement is received in drums, these
12
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
AC. OR G.I. SHEET
OR ANY KIND OF
WEATHER PROOF
ROOF
GL
<,^^^■u.L^^.■WJ■j^■..]il!!.ll||.■^.'■l■J^^l^J^■LlJll^..,!^^^.p■■S;
* 10 BAGS MAXIMUM
SECTION XX
A
-LOAD BEARING
WALL
I— D
=^
C— '
.6m
1.40m
P
A
S
S
A
G
E
.6m
1.40m
.6m
DOOR
PLAN
A = Planks
B = Wooden Battens
C = 150 Dry Bricks in Two Layer or Lean Cement Concrete
D = 150 Consolidated Eartli
Fig. 2 Typical Arrangement in Cement Godown
shall be stored on plane level ground, as far
as possible near the concrete mixing place.
After taking out the required quantity of
cement, the lid of the drum shall be securely
tied to prevent ingress of moisture.
In case cement is received in silos, the silos
shall be placed near the concrete batching
b)
plan. Proper access shall be provided for the
replacement of silos.
Different types of cements shall be stacked
and stored separately.
Handling — Hooks shall not be used for
handling cement bags unless specifically
permitted by the engineer-in-charge.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
13
For information regarding bulk handling of
cement, see 4.4.
4.3 Lime
4.3.1 Quicklime Before Slaking
a) Storage and stacking — Quicklime should be
slaked as soon as possible. If unavoidable it
may be stored in compact heaps having only
the minimum of exposed area. The heaps shall
be stored on a suitable platform and covered
to avoid direct contact with rain or being
blown away by wind. In case quick lime is
stored in a covered shed, a minimum space
of 300 mm should be provided alround the
heaps to avoid bulging of walls.
Unslaked lime shall be stored in a place
inaccessible to water and because of fire
hazards, shall be segregated from the
combustible materials.
b) Handling — See 4.4.
4.3.2 Hydrated Lime
a) Storage and stacking — Hydrated lime is
generally supplied in containers, such as jute
bags lined with polyethylene or craft paper
bags. It should be stored in a building to
protect the lime from dampness and to
minimize warehouse deterioration.
The building should be with a concrete floor
and having least ventilation to eliminate
draughts through the walls and roof. In
general, the recommendations given in 4.2 for
storing of cement shall be applicable for
hydrated lime. When air movement is reduced
to a practical minimum, hydrated lime can be
stored for up to three months without
appreciable change.
b) Handling — See 4.4.
4.3.3 Dry Slaked Lime
a) Storage and stacking — The lime shall be
stored in a dry and closed godown.
b) Handling — See 4.4.
4.4 Handling of Cement and Lime
Workmen, handling bulk cement or lime shall wear
protective clothing, respirators, and goggles; shall be
instructed in the need of cleanliness to prevent
dermatitis, and shall be provided with hand cream,
petroleum jelly, or similar preparation for protection
of exposed skin.
Bulk cement stored in silos or bins may fail to feed
to the ejection system. When necessary to enter a silo
or bin for any purpose, the ejection system employed
shall be shut down and locked out electrically as well
as mechanically. When necessary for a workman to
enter such storage area, he shall wear a life-line, with
another workman outside the silo or hopper attending
the rope.
4.5 Masonry Units
a) Stones — Stones of different sizes, types and
classification shall be stored separately.
Stones shall be stacked on dry firm ground in
a regular heap not more than 1 m in height.
Veneering stones shall be stacked against
vertical support on a firm dry ground in tiers,
up to a height of 1.2 m. A distance of about
0.8 m shall be kept between two adjacent
stacks.
b) Bricks — Bricks shall be stacked in regular
tiers as and when they are unloaded to
minimize breakage and defacement. These
shall not be dumped at site. In the case of
bricks made from clays containing lime
KANKAR, the bricks in stack should be
thoroughly soaked in water (docked) to
prevent lime bursting.
Bricks shall be stacked on dry firm ground.
For proper inspection of quality and east in
counting, the stacks shall be 50 bricks long,
10 bricks high and not more than 4 bricks in
width, the bricks being placed on edge, two
at a time along the width of the stack. Clear
distance between adjacent stacks shall not be
less than 0.8 m. Bricks of each truck load shall
be put in one stack. Bricks of different types,
such as, clay bricks, clay fly ash bricks, fly
ash lime bricks, sand lime (calcium silicate)
bricks shall be stacked separately. Bricks of
different classifications from strength
consideration and size consideration (such as,
conventional and modular) shall be stacked
separately. Also bricks of different types, such
as, solid, hollow and perforated shall be
stacked separately.
c) Blocks — Blocks are available as hollow and
solid concrete blocks, hollow and solid light
weight concrete blocks, autoclaved aerated
concrete blocks, concrete stone masonry
blocks and soil based blocks. Blocks shall be
unloaded one at a time and stacked in regular
tiers to minimize breakage and defacement.
These shall not be dumped at site. The height
of the stack shall not be more than 1.2 m, the
length of the stack shall not be more than
3.0 m, as far as possible and the width shall
be of two or three blocks. Normally blocks
cured for 28 days only should be received at
14
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
site. In case blocks cured for less than 28 days
are received, these shall be stacked separately.
All blocks should be water cured for 10 to 14
days and air cured for another 15 days; thus
no blocks with less than 28 days curing shall
be used in building construction. Blocks shall
be placed close to the site of work so that least
effort is required for their transportation. The
date of manufacture of the blocks shall be
suitably marked on the stacks of blocks
manufactured at factory or site,
d) Handling — Brick stacks shall be placed close
to the site of work so that least effort is
required to unload and transport the bricks
again by loading on pallets or in barrows.
Unloading of building bricks or handling in
any other way likely to damage the corners
or edges or other parts of bricks shall not be
permitted.
4.6 Floors, Wall and Roof Tiles
a) Storage and Stacking — Floor, wall and clay
roof tiles of different types, such as, cement
concrete tiles (plain, coloured and terrazzo) and
ceramic tiles (glazed and unglazed) shall be
stacked on regular platform as far as possible
under cover in proper layers and in tiers and
they shall not be dumped in heaps. In the stack,
the tiles shall be so placed that the mould
surface of one faces that of another. Height of
the stack shall not more than 1 m.
Tiles of different quality, size and thickness
shall be stacked separately to facilitate easy
removal for use in work. Tiles when supplied
by manufacturers packed in wooden crates
shall be stored in crates. The crates shall be
opened one at a time as and when required
for use.
b) Handling — Ceramic tiles and roof tiles are
generally supplied in cartons which shall be
handled with care to avoid breakage. It is
preferable to transport these at the site on
platform trolleys.
4.7 Aggregate
a) Storage and Stacking — Aggregates shall be
stored at site on a hard dry and level patch of
ground. If such a surface is not available, a
platform of planks or old corrugated iron
sheets, or a floor of bricks, or a thin layer of
lean concrete shall be made so as to prevent
the mixing with clay, dust, vegetable and other
foreign matter.
Stacks of fine and coarse aggregate shall be
kept in separate stock piles sufficiently
removed from each other to prevent the
material at the edges of the piles from getting
intermixed. On a large job it is desirable to
construct dividing walls to give each type of
aggregates its own compartment. Fine
aggregates shall be stacked in a place where
loss due to the effect of wind is minimum,
b) Handling — When withdrawals are made
from stock piles, no over hang shall be
permitted.
Employees required to enter hoppers shall be
equipped with safety belts and life-lines,
attended by another person. Machine driven
hoppers, feeders, and loaders shall be locked
in the off position prior to entry electrically
as well as mechanically.
4.8 Pulverized Fuel Ash/Fly Ash
a) Storage and Stacking — Fly ash shall be
stored in such a manner as to permit easy
access for proper inspection and identification
of each consignment. Fly ash in bulk
quantities shall be stored in stack similar to
fine aggregates, avoiding any intrusion of
foreign matter. Fly ash in bags shall be stored
in stacks not more than 10 bags high.
b) Handling — See 4.4.
4.9 Cinder
Cinder shall be stored in bulk quantities in stacks
similar to coarse aggregates avoiding any extrusion of
foreign matter.
4.10 Timber
a) Storage and Stacking — Timber shall be
stored in stacks upon well treated and even
surfaced beams, sleepers or brick pillars so
as to be above the ground level by at least
150 mm to ensure that the timber will not be
affected by accumulation of water under it.
Various members shall preferably be stored
separately in different lengths, and material
of equal lengths shall be piles together in
layers with wooden battens, called crossers,
separating one layer from another. The
crossers shall be of sound wood, straight and
uniform in thickness. In case, where separate
crossers are not available smaller sections of
the available structural timber may be
employed in their place. In any layer an air
space of about 25 mm shall be provided
between adjacent members. The longer pieces
shall be placed in the bottom layers and
shorter pieces in the top layers but one end of
the stack shall be in true vertical alignment.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
15
The crossers in different layers shall be in
vertical alignment. The most suitable width
and height of a stack are recommended to be
about 1.5 m and 2.0 m. Distance between
adjacent stacks is recommended to be at least
450 mm. In case the stacking with the help of
battens is not possible, the timber may be
close piled in heaps on raised foundations with
the precautions specified above.
The stacks shall be protected from hot dry
winds or direct sun and rain. Heavy weights,
such as metal rails or large sections of wood,
are recommended to be placed on the top of
the stack to prevent distortion or warping of
the timber in the stack. In case timber is to be
stored for about a year or more, to prevent
end-cracking in the material, the ends of all
members shall be coated with coal tar,
aluminium leaf paints (hardened gloss oil),
microcrystalline wax or any other suitable
material,
b) Care must be taken that handler or workmen
are not injured by rails, straps, etc, attached
to the used timber. This applies particularly
to planks and formwork for shuttering.
4.11 Bamboo
4.11.1 The site shall be properly inspected and termite
colonies or mounds if detected shall be destroyed.
All refuse and useless cellulosic materials shall be
removed from the site. The ground may then be
disinfected by suitable insecticides. The area should
have good drainage.
4.11.2 Bamboo may preferably be stacked on high
skids or raised platform atleast 300 mm above ground.
Storage under cover reduces the liability to fungal
attack. Good ventilation and frequent inspection are
important.
4.11.3 Bamboo dries by air-seasoning under cover in
the storage yards from 6 to 12 weeks time.
4.11.4 Prophylactic treatment of bamboo during
storage prevents losses due to fungi and insects even
under open storage. Following chemicals are found
suitable at the coverage rate of 24 litres per tonne.
Sodium pentachlorophenate : 1 percent solution
Boric acid + borax (1:1) : 2 percent solution
Sodium pentachlorophenate
+ boric acid + borax (5:1:1) : 2.5 percent solution
A mixture of these compounds yields the best results.
NOTE — For better protection of structural bamboo (if stored
outside), repetition of tire treatment after four to six months is
desirable.
4.12 Partially Prefabricated Wall and Roof
Components
a) Storage and Stacking — The wall components
comprise blocks, sills, lintels, etc. The blocks
shall be stacked in accordance with 4.5(c).
These shall be stacked on plane level ground
having a floor of bricks or a thin layer of lean
concrete.
The roof components such as precast RC
joists, prefabricated brick panels, RC planks,
channel units, cored units, waffle units,
L-panel, single tee and double tee sections,
ferrocement panels, etc shall be unloaded as
individual components. These shall be
stacked on plane level ground having a floor
of bricks or a thin layer of lean concrete. RC
planks, prefabricated brick panels and
ferrocement panels shall be stacked against a
brick masonry wall in slightly inclined
position on both sides of the wall. Channel
units, cored units and L-panels shall be
stacked one over the other up to five tiers.
The waffle units shall be stacked upside down
as individual units. The RC joists, single tee
and double tee sections shall be stacked as
individual units one adjacent to the other. The
distance between any two adjacent stacks
shall not be less than 450 mm.
b) Handling — The components shall be
handled by holding the individual component
by holding a specified points so that the
stresses due to handling are minimized.
4.13 Steel
a) Storage and Stacking — For each classification
of steel, separate areas shall be earmarked. It
is desirable that ends of bars and sections of
each class be painted in distinct separate
colours. Steel reinforcement shall be stored
in a way as to prevent distortion and corrosion.
It is desirable to coat reinforcement with
cement wash before stacking to prevent
scaling and rusting.
Bars of different classification, sizes and
lengths shall be stored separately to facilitate
issues in such sizes and lengths as to minimize
wastage in cut from standard lengths.
In case of long storage or in coastal areas,
reinforcement bars shall be stacked above
ground level by at least 150 mm and a coat of
cement wash shall be given to prevent scaling
and rusting.
Structural steel of different sections, sizes and
lengths shall be stored separately. It shall be
16
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
stored above ground level by at least 150 mm
upon platforms, skids or any other suitable
supports to avoid distortion of sections. In
case of coastal areas or in case of long storage,
suitable protective coating of cement wash
shall be given to prevent scaling and rusting,
b) Handling — Tag lines shall be used to control
the load in handling reinforcements or
structural steel when a crane is employed.
Heavy steel sections and bundles shall be
lifted and carried with the help of slings and
tackles and shall not be carried on the
shoulders of the workmen.
4.14 Aluminium Sections
a) Storage and Stacking — Aluminium sections
of different classification, sizes and lengths
shall be stored separately, on a level platform
under cover.
b) Handling — The aluminium sections shall not
be pulled or pushed from the stack nor shall
be slided over each other, to protect the
anodizing layer.
4.15 Doors, Windows and Ventilators
a) Storage and Stacking — Metal and plastic
doors, windows and ventilators shall be
stacked upright (on their sills) on level ground
preferably on wooden battens and shall not
come in contact with dirt or ashes. If received
in crates they shall be stacked according to
manufacturer's instructions and removed
from the crates as and when required for the
work.
Metal and plastic frames of doors, windows
and ventilators shall be stacked upside down
with the kick plates at the top. These shall
not be allowed to stand for long in this manner
before being fixed so as to avoid the door
frames getting out of shape and hinges being
strained and shutters drooping.
During the period of storage of aluminium
doors, windows and ventilators, these shall
be protected form loose cement and mortar
by suitable covering, such as tarpaulin. The
tarpaulin shall be hung loosely on temporary
framing to permit circulation of air to prevent
moisture condensation.
All timber and other lignocellulosic material
based frames and shutters shall be stored in a
dry and clean covered space away from any
infestation and dampness. The storage shall
preferably be in well-ventilated dry rooms.
The frames shall be stacked one over the other
distances to keep the stack vertical and
straight. These cross battens should be of
uniform thickness and placed vertically one
above the other. The door shutters shall be
stacked in the form of clean vertical stacks
one over the other and at least 80 mm above
ground on pallets or suitable beams or rafters.
The top of the stack shall be covered by a
protecting cover and weighted down by
means of scantlings or other suitable weights.
The shutter stack shall rest on hard and level
surface.
If any timber or other lignocellulosic material
based frame or shutter becomes wet during
transit, it shall be kept separate from the
undamaged material. The wet material may
be dried by stacking in shade with battens in
between adjacent boards with free access of
dry air. Separate stacks shall be built up for
each size, each grade an each type of material.
When materials of different sizes, grades and
types are to be stacked in one stack due to
shortage of space, the bigger size shall be
stacked in the lower portion of the stacks.
Suitable pallets or separating battens shall be
kept in between the two types of material.
Precast concrete door and window frames
shall be stored in upright position adopting
suitable measures against risk of subsidence
of soil/support,
b) Handling — While unloading, shifting,
handling and stacking timber or other
lignocellulosic material based, metal and
plastic door and window frames and shutters,
care shall be taken that the pieces are not
dragged one over the other as it may cause
damage to their surface particularly in case
of the decorative shutters. The pieces should
be lifted and carried preferably flat avoiding
damage to corners or sides.
4.16 Roofing Materials
4.16.1 Roofing sheets shall be stored and stacked in
such a manner as not to damage them in any way.
Damaged sheets shall not be stacked with sound
materials. All damaged sheets shall be salvaged as early
as possible.
4.16.2 Asbestos Cement Sheet
a) Storage and stackings — Asbestos cement
sheets shall be stacked to a height of not more
than one metre on firm and level ground, with
timber or other packing beneath them. If
stacked in exposed position, they shall be
protected from damage by the winds.
b) Handling — Not more than two sheets shall
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
17
be first pushed forward along the valley line
say about one fourth of the sheet length and
preferably carried by two workmen. Asbestos
cement sheets shall be lowered or raised
gently and not thrown.
4.16.3 CGI Sheets
a) Storage and stacking — CGI sheets shall be
stacked in not more than 100 bundles per
stack built solidly, each bundle consisting of
10 sheets. Bundles shall be so laid that the
corrugations run in the same directions in
every course. One end of the stack shall be
raised by 100 mm to 150 mm to allow water
flowing freely. If the sheets are not to be used
immediately, these shall be stacked under roof
cover.
b) Handling — In bulk handling of CGI sheets,
workmen shall be provided with suitable hand
protection.
4.17 Boards
4.17.1 Gypsum Boards
a) Storage and stacking — Gypsum boards shall
be stored flat in a covered clean and dry place.
b) Handling — See 4.11.2(b).
4.17.2 Plywood, Fibre Board, Particle Board, Block
Board, etc
a) Storage and Stacking — Plywood, fibre board,
particle board, block board, etc, shall not be
stored in the open and exposed to direct sun
and rain. The boards shall be stacked on a flat
dunnage, on the top of which a wooden
frame shall be constructed with battens of
50 mm X 25 mm {Min) in such a way that it
supports all four edges and corners of the
boards with intermediate battens placed at
suitable intervals to avoid warping. If required,
the stack shall be adequately raised above
ground level to ensure that it will not be
affected by accumulation of water under it.
The board shall be stacked in a solid block in
a clear vertical alignment. The top sheet of
each stack shall be suitably weighed down to
prevent warping, wherever necessary.
b) Handling — The board shall be unloaded and
stacked with utmost care avoiding damage to
the corners and surface. In case of decorative
plywood and decorative boards, the surfaces
of which are likely to get damaged by
dragging one sheet over another, it is
advisable that these are lifted as far as possible
in pairs facing each other.
4.18 Plastic and Rubber Flooring Sheets and Tiles
a) Storage and Stacking — Plastic and rubber
sheets have tendency to break-down during
storage. Plastic and rubber sheets shall
be stored according to manufacturer's
instructions.
The coolest store room available shall be
utilized for the storage of the sheets. The store
rooms where the sheets are stored shall be well
ventilated and direct light should not be
allowed to fall on them.
The sheets shall be stored away from electric
generators, electric motors, switchgears and
other such electrical equipment as they
produce harmful gases as they produce
harmful order in their vicinity.
Contamination of the sheets with vegetable
and mineral oils; greases; organic solvents;
acids and their fumes; alkalies; dust and
grit shall be prevented. Where greasy
contamination occurs this shall be removed
immediately with petrol and the sheets and
tiles thoroughly wiped dry and dusted with
chalk chalk.
Undue stretch and strain, kinks, sharp bends
or folds of the sheets and tiles shall be
avoided. In case of long storage, the sheets
shall be turned over periodically and treated
with chalk powder, if necessary.
b) Handling — While handling plastic and
rubber sheets, workmen shall lift the sheets
and carry them flat to avoid sharp bends or
folds of the sheets.
4.19 Glass Sheets
a) Storage and Stacking — It is important that
all glass sheets whether stored in crates or not
shall be kept dry. Suitable covered storage
space shall be provided for the safe storage
of the glass sheets. The glass sheets shall be
lifted and stored on their long edges and shall
be put into stacks of not more than 25 panes,
supported at two points by fillets of wood at
about 300 mm from each end. The first pane
laid in each stack shall be so placed that its
bottom edge is about 25 mm from the base of
the wall or other support against which the
stack rests. The whole stack shall be as close
and as upright as possible. To prevent slipping
on smooth floor, the floor shall be covered
with gunny bags. The glass sheets of different
sizes, thickness and type shall be stacked
separately. The distance between any two
stacks shall be of the order of 400 mm.
18
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
b) Handling — Workmen handling glass panes,
waste glass pieces and fibre glass shall be
provided with suitable hand protection. In
removing glass sheets from crates, due care
shall be taken to avoid damages. Glass edges
shall be covered or otherwise protected to
prevent injuries to workmen.
4.20 Cast Iron, Galvanized Iron and Asbestos
Cement Pipes and Fittings
a) Storage and Stacking — The pipes shall be
unloaded where they are required, when the
trenches are ready to receive them.
Storage shall be provided at the bottom layer
to keep the stack stable. The stack shall be in
pyramid shape or the pipes placed length-wise
and cross-wise in alternate layers. The
pyramid stack is advisable in smaller diameter
pipes for conserving space in storing them.
The height of the stack shall not exceed 1.5 m.
Each stack shall contain only pipes of the
same class and size.
Each stack shall contain only pipes of same
class and size, with consignment or batch
number marked on it with particulars or
suppliers wherever possible.
Cast iron detachable joints and fittings shall
be stacked under cover and separated from
the asbestos cement pipes and fittings.
Rubber rings shall be kept clean, away from
grease, oil, heat and light.
b) Handling — Pipes in the top layer shall be
handled first. At a time only one pipe shall be
handled by two labourers while conveying
to the actual site and shall be carried
on shoulders. Fittings shall be handled
individually.
4.21 Polyethylene Pipes
a) Storage and Stacking — Black polyethylene
pipes may be stored either under cover or in
the open. Natural polyethylene pipes,
however, should be stored under cover and
protected from direct sunlight.
Coils may be stored either on edge or stacked
flat one on top of the other, but in either case
they should not be allowed to come into
contact with hot water or steam pipes and
should be kept away from hot surface.
Straight lengths should be stored on horizontal
racks giving continuous support to prevent the
pipe taking on a permanent set.
Storage of pipes in heated areas exceeding
27°C should be avoided.
b) Handling — Removal of pipe from a pile shall
be accomplished by working from the ends
of the pipe.
4.22 Unplasticized PVC Pipes
a) Storage and Stacking — Pipes should be
stored on a reasonably flat surface free from
stones and sharp projections so that the pipe
is supported throughout its length. The pipe
should be given adequate support at all times.
In storage, pipe racks should be avoided. Pipe
should not be stacked in large piles especially
under warm temperature conditions as the
bottom pipes may distort thus giving rise to
difficulty in jointing. Socket and spigot pipes
should be stacked in layers with sockets
placed at alternate ends or the stacks to avoid
lopsided stacks.
It is recommended not to store a pipe inside
another pipe. On no account should pipes be
stored in a stressed or bend condition or near
a source of heat. Pipes should not be stacked
more than 1.5 m high. Pipes of different sizes
and classes should be stacked separately.
In tropical conditions, pipes should be stored
in shade. In very cold weather, the impact
strength of PVC is reduced making it brittle.
The ends of pipe should be protected from
abrasion particularly those specially prepared
for jointing either spigot or socket solvent
welded joints or soldered for use with
couplings.
If due to unsatisfactory storage or handling a
pipe become brittle in very cold weather.
b) Handling — Great care shall be exercised in
handling these pipes in wintry conditions as
these come brittle in very cold weather.
4.23 Pipes of Conducting Materials
a) Storage and Stacking — Pipes shall be
stacked on solid level sills and contained in a
manner to prevent spreading or rolling of the
pipe. Where quantity storage is necessary,
suitable packing shall be placed between
succeeding layers to reduce the pressure and
resulting spreading of the pile.
In stacking and handling of pipes and other
conducting materials, the following minimum
safety distances shall be ensured from the
overhead power lines:
1 1 kV and below 1 .40 m
Above 1 1 and below 33 kV 3.60 m
Above 33 and below 132 kV 4.70 m
Above 132 and below 275 kV 5.70 m
Above 275 and below 400 kV 6.50 m
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
19
b) Handling — Removal of pipes from a pile
shall be accomplished by working from the
ends of the pipe. During transportation, the
pipes shall be so secured as to insure against
displacement.
4.24 Piles and Poles
a) Storage and Stacking — Piles and poles shall
be carefully stacked on solid, level sills so as
to prevent rolling or spreading of the pile.
The storage area shall be maintained free of
vegetation and flammable materials.
b) Handling — When placing piles or poles on
the stack, workmen shall work from the ends
of the piles/poles. Similar precautions shall
be observed in removal of piles/poles from
the stack. Tag lines shall be used to control
piles and poles when handling for any
purpose.
In stacking and handling of piles and poles,
precautions as laid down in 4.18(a) shall be
followed.
4.25 Paints, Varnishes and Thinners
a) Storage and Stacking — Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, thinners and other flammable
materials shall be kept in properly sealed or
closed containers. The containers shall be kept
in a well ventilated location, free from
excessive heat, smoke, sparks or flame. The
floor of the paint stores shall be made up of
100 mm thick loose sand.
Paint materials in quantities other than
required for daily use shall be kept stocked
under regular storage place.
Where the paint is likely to deteriorate with
age, the manner of storage shall facilitate
removal and use of lots in the same order in
which they are received.
Temporary electrical wirings/fittings shall not
be installed in the paint store. When electric
lights, switches or electrical equipment are
necessary, they shall be of explosion proof
design.
b) Handling — Ventilation adequate to prevent
the accumulation of flammable vapours to
hazardous levels of concentration shall be
provided in all areas where painting is done.
When painting is done is confined spaces
where flammable or explosive vapours may
develop, any necessary heat shall be provided
through duct work remote from the source of
flame.
Sources of ignition, such as open flame and
exposed heating elements, shall not be
permitted in area or rooms where spray
painting is done nor shall smoking be allowed
there.
Care should be taken not to use any naked
flame inside the paint store. Buckets
containing sand shall be kept ready for use in
case of fire. Fire extinguishers when required
shall be of foam type conforming to accepted
standards [7(4)].
Each workman handling lead based paints
shall be issued Vi litre milk per day for his
personal consumption.
4.26 Bitumen, Road Tar, Asphalt, Etc
a) Storage and Stacking — Drums or containers
containing all types of bitumen, road tar,
asphalt, etc, shall be stacked vertically on their
bottoms in up to three tiers. Leaky drums shall
be segregated. Empty drums shall be stored
in pyra midal stacks neatly in rows.
b) Handling — See 19.3.1.2 and 19.3.4.
4.27 Bituminous Roofing Felts
a) Storage and Stacking — Bituminous roofing
felts shall be stored away from other
combustible materials and shall be kept under
shade.
b) Handling — Bituminous roofing felts should
be handled in a manner to prevent cracking
and other damages.
4.28 Flammable Materials
a) Storage and Stacking — In addition to the
requirements as laid down in 3.4, the
following provisions shall also apply;
1) Outdoor storage of drums requires some
care to avoid contamination because
moisture and dirt in hydraulic brake and
transmission fluid, gasoline, or lubricants
may cause malfunction or failure of
equipment, with possible danger to
personnel. The storage area should be
free of accumulations of spilled products,
debris and other hazards.
2) Compressed gases and petroleum
products shall not be stored in the same
building or close to each other. Storage
of petroleum products should be as per
Petroleum Rules.
b) Handling — Petroleum products delivered to
the job site and stored there in drums shall be
protected during handling to prevent loss of
identification through damage to drum
20
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
markings, tags, etc. Unidentifiable petroleum
products may result in improper use, with
possible fire hazard, damage to equipment or
operating failure.
Workmen shall be required to guard carefully
against any part of their clothing becoming
contaminated with flammable fluids. They
shall not be allowed to continue work when
their clothing becomes so contaminated.
4.29 Water
Water to be stored for construction purposes shall be
stored in proper tanks to prevent any organic impurities.
The aggregate capacity of storage tanks shall be
determined after taking into account the requirements
of fire fighting.
4.30 Sanitary Appliances
a) Storage and Stacking — All sanitary
appliances shall be carefully stored under
cover to prevent damage. When accepting and
storing appliances, consideration shall be
given to the sequence of removal from the
store to the assembly positions. Vitreous
fittings shall be stacked separately from the
metal ones.
b) Handling — Bigger sanitary appliances shall
be handled one at a time. Traps, water seals
and gullies shall be handled separately. While
handling sanitary fittings they shall be free
from any oil spillings, etc. The hands of the
workers shall also be free from any oily
substance. Before lowering the appliances in
their position the supporting brackets,
pedestals, etc, shall be checked for their
soundness and then only the fixtures be
attached.
4.31 Other Materials
Polymeric materials such as coatings, sheetings,
reflective surfacings/sheetings, etc shall be stored as
per the manufacturers' instructions. Special precautions
shall be taken in case of storage, handling and usage
of toxic materials.
Small articles like screws, bolts, nuts, door and window
fittings, polishing stones, protective clothing, spare
parts of machinery, linings, packings, water supply and
sanitary fittings, and electrical fittings, insulation
board, etc, shall be kept in suitable and properly
protected containers or store rooms. Valuable small
materials shall be kept under lock and key.
4.32 Special Considerations
4.32.1 Materials constantly in use shall be relatively
nearer the place of use.
4.32.2 Heavy units like precast concrete members shall
be stacked near the hoist or the ramp.
4.32.3 Materials which normally deteriorate during
storage shall be kept constantly moving, by replacing
old materials with fresh stocks. Freshly arrived
materials shall never be placed over materials which
had arrived earlier.
4.32.4 Appropriate types of fire extinguishers shall be
provided at open sites where combustible materials are
stored and for each storage shed/room where
flammable/combustible materials are stored. For
guidance regarding selection of the appropriate types
of fire extinguishers reference may be made to good
practice [7(4)]. It is desirable that a minimum of two
extinguishers are provided at each such location.
4.32.5 Workers handling excavated earth from
foundation, particularly if the site happens to be
reclaimed area or marshy area or any other infected
area, shall be protected against infection affecting their
exposed body portions.
4.32.6 House Keeping
Stairways, walkways, scaffolds, and accessways shall
be kept free of materials, debris and obstructions. The
engineer-in-charge/the foreman shall initiate and carry
out a programme requiring routine removal of scrap
and debris from scaffolds and walkways.
4.32.7 Where stacking of the materials is to be done
on road side berms in the street and other public place,
the owner shall seek permission from the Authority
for such stacking and also for removing the remnants
of the same after the construction is over, so as to avoid
any hazard to the public.
5 UNLOADING RAIL/ROAD WAGONS AND
MOTOR VEHICLES
5.1 Loading and Unloading Rail/Road Wagons
5.1.1 Appropriate warning signals shall be displayed
to indicate that the wagons shall not be coupled or
moved.
5.1.2 The wheels of wagons shall always be sprigged
or chained while the wagons are being unloaded. The
brakes alone shall not be depended upon.
5.1.3 Special level bars shall preferably be used for
moving rail wagons rather than ordinary crow bars.
5.1.4 Where gangplanks are used between wagons and
platforms of piles (heaps), cleats at lower end of
gangplank, or pin through end of gangplanks, shall be
used to prevent sliding. If gangplank is on a gradient,
cleats or abrasive surface shall be provided for the
entire length.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
21
5.1.5 When rail/road wagons are being loaded or
unloaded near passageways or walkways, adequate
warning signals shall be placed on each end of the
wagon to warn pedestrians.
other hazards wherever specified by the Local/State
Authority or in the Acts of the Government take
precedence over whatever is herein specified in case
of a doubt or dispute.
5.2 Loading and Unloading from Motor Vehicles 6.3 Safety Management
5.2.1 The motor vehicles shall be properly blocked
while being loaded or unloaded; brakes alone shall not
be depended upon to hold them.
5.2.2 When motor vehicles are being loaded or
unloaded near passageways or walkways, adequate
warning signs shall be placed on each end of the vehicle
to warn the pedestrians.
5.3 Handling Heavy/Long Items
5.3.1 Loading and unloading of heavy items, shall, as
far as possible, be done with cranes or gantries. The
workman shall stand clear of the material being moved
by mechanical equipment. The slings and the ropes
used shall be of adequate load carrying capacity, so as
not to give way and result in accidents.
5.3.2 While heavy and long components are being
manually loaded into motor vehicle, wagons, trailer,
etc, either wooden sleepers or steel rails of sufficient
length and properly secured in position shall be put in
a gentle slope against the body of the wagon/vehicle
at 3 or 4 places for loading. These long items shall be
dragged, one by one, gently and uniformly along these
supports by means of ropes, being pulled by men with
feet properly anchored against firm surface. As soon
as the items come on the floor of the vehicle, the same
may be shifted by crowbars and other suitable leverage
mechanism, but not by hands to avoid causing accident
to the workmen.
5.3.3 Similar procedure as outlined in 5.3.2 shall
be followed for manual unloading of long or heavy
items.
SECTION 3 SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
OF ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING
6 GENERAL
6.1 The provisions of this Section shall apply to the
erection/alterational of the various parts of a building
or similar structure. The construction of the different
elements shall conform to 2.3.2.
6.2 Other Laws
Nothing herein stated shall be construed to nullify any
rules, regulations, safety standards or statutes of the
local state governments or those contained in the
various Acts of the Government of India. The specific
Rules, Regulations and Acts pertaining to the
protection of the public or workmen from health and
6.3.1 The safety of personnel engaged in building
construction should be ensured through a well planned
and well organized mechanism. For this, depending
on the size and complexity of building construction
project, safety committee shall be constituted to
efficiently manage all safety related affairs. The site
in-charge or his nominee of a senior rank shall head
the committee and a safety officer shall act as member-
secretary. The meetings of the safety committee shall
be organized regularly say fortnightly or monthly
depending on the nature of the project, however,
emergency meetings shall be called as and when
required. The safety committees shall deal with all the
safety related issues through well structured agenda,
in the meetings and all safety related measures installed
at the site and implementation thereof shall be
periodically reviewed.
6.3.2 Notwithstanding the guidelines given in 6.3.1,
all provisions given in relevant Act/Rules/Regulations
as amended from time to time shall be followed; in
this regard, reference shall also be made to the Building
and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996 and the
Rules/Regulations framed thereunder.
7 TERMINOLOGY
7.1 For the purpose of this Part the following
definitions shall apply.
7.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction — The Authority
which has been created by a statute and which for the
purpose of administering the Code/Part, may authorize
a committee or an official to act on its behalf;
hereinafter called the 'Authority'.
7.3 Construction Equipment — All equipment,
machinery, tools and temporary retaining structures
and working platforms, that is, tools, derricks, staging,
scaffolds, runways, ladders and all material, handling
equipment including safety devices.
7.4 Floor Hole — An opening measuring less than
300 mm but more than 25mm in its least dimension,
in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard, through
which materials but not persons may fall; such as, a
belt hole, pipe opening or slot opening.
7.5 Floor Opening — An opening measuring 300 mm
or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform,
pavement or yard through which person may fall; such
as hatch way, stair or ladder opening, pit or large
manhole.
22
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
7.6 Guard Railing — A barrier erected along exposed
edges of an open side floor opening, wall opening,
ramp, platform, or catwalk or balcony, etc, to prevent
fall of persons.
7.7 Materials Handing Hoists — A platform,
bucket or similar enclosure exclusively meant for
the lifting or lowering of construction material the
hoists being operated from a point outside the
conveyance.
7.8 Pile Rig — The complete pile driving equipment
comprising piling frame, leader, hammer, extractor
winch and power unit. Complete pile driving rig may
be mounted on rafts or pontoon or rails. Pile rig may
also be a mobile unit mounted on trailers or trucks, or
a special full revolving rig for raking piles.
7.9 Platform — A working space for persons,
elevated above the surrounding floor or ground, such
as balcony or platform for the operation of machinery
and equipment.
7.10 Scaffold — A temporary erection of timber or
metal work used in the construction, alteration or
demolition of a building, to support or to allow the
hoisting and lowering of workmen, their tools and
materials.
7.11 Toe Board — A vertical barrier erected along
exposed edge of a floor opening, wall opening,
platform, catwalk or ramp to prevent fall of materials
or persons.
7.12 Wall Hole — An opening in any wall or partition
having height of less than 750 mm but more than
25 mm and width unrestricted.
7.13 Wall Opening — An opening in any wall or
partition having both height of at least 750 mm and
width of at least 450 mm.
8 TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION, USE OF SIDE
WALLS AND TEMPORARY ENCROACHMENTS
8.1 Temporary Construction
The plans and specifications of temporary
constructions, which are likely to interfere with
facilities or right of way provided by the Authority,
shall be submitted to the Authority for approval
showing clearly the layout, design and construction.
8.1.1 Temporary structure referred in 8.1 shall apply
to the following types of structures:
a) Structures with roof or walls made of straw,
hay, ulugrass, golpatta, hogle, darma, mat,
canvas cloth or other like materials not
adopted for permanent or continuous
occupancy.
b) Site-work sheds, track-runways, trestles, foot-
bridges, etc.
8.2 For detailed information regarding fire safety
aspects in respect of constraction, location, maintenance
and use of temporary structures [mentioned in 8.1.1(a)]
including PANDALS used by public for outdoor
assembly, reference may be made to good practice
[7(5)].
8.3 Special permits shall be obtained for the storage
of the materials on side walks and highways. It shall
be ensured that the material dump or the storage shed
does not create a traffic hazard, nor it shall interfere
with the free flow of the pedestrian traffic. Special
permits shall also be obtained for the use of water
and electricity from the public facilities. Whenever
such utilities are made use of, adequate safety
precautions regarding drainage and elimination of
contamination and hazards from electricity shall be
taken.
8.4 In order to ensure safety for the adjoining property,
adequate temporary protective guards are to be
provided. In case these protective devices project
beyond the property, the consent of the Authority and
that of the owner of the adjoining property shall be
obtained.
9 TESTING
9.1 Tests
No stracture, temporary support, scaffolding or any
construction equipment during the construction or
demolition of any building or structure shall be loaded
beyond the allowable loads and working stresses as
provided for in Part 6 'Structural Design' {see also
good practice [7(6)] }.
9.1.1 Whenever any doubt arises about the
structural adequacy of a scaffolding, support or any
other construction equipment, it shall be tested to
two and a half times the superimposed dead and
imposed loads to which the material or the
equipment is subjected to and the member/material
shall sustain the test load without failure if it is to
be accepted.
9.2 Notwithstanding the test mentioned above, if any
distress in any member is visible, the member shall be
rejected.
10 INSPECTION AND RECTIFICATION OF
HAZARDOUS DEFECTS
10.1 Inspection
The Authority shall inspect the construction equipment
and if during the inspection, it is revealed that unsafe/
illegal conditions exist, the Authority shall intimate
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
23
the owner and direct him to take immediate remedial
measures to remove the hazard/violation.
10.2 Rectification
The owner shall proceed to rectify the defect,
hazardous condition or violation within 24 h of the
receipt of the notice from the Authority. The
Authority shall have full powers to rectify the unsafe
condition and all expenses incurred in this connection
is payable by the owner of the property. Illegal
encroachments and non-payment of money due, in
respect of the rectification of unsafe conditions may
vest a lien on the property with the Authority (see
also Part 2 'Administration').
10.3 When the strength and adequacy of any scaffold
or other construction equipment is in doubt or when
any complaint is made, the Authority shall get the same
inspected before use.
11 FOUNDATIONS
11.1 General
The distribution of the supporting foundation shall be
such as to avoid any harmful differential settlement of
the structure. The type and design of the foundation
adopted shall ensure safety to workmen during
construction and residents of the neighbouring
property. Sufficient care shall be taken in areas, where
withdrawal of ground water from surrounding areas
could result in damages to such foundations. During
the construction of the foundation, it shall be ensured
that the adjoining properties are not affected by any
harmful effects.
11.2 Adjoining Properties
The person causing excavation shall, before starting
the work, give adequate notices in writing to the
owner of the adjoining properties, safety of which is
likely to be affected due to excavation. After having
given such notices, wherein details regarding the type
of protective works that are anticipated to be
incorporated in the excavation are shown, written
permission shall be obtained for such excavation from
the adjoining property owners. Where necessary, the
person causing excavation shall make adequate
provision to protect the safety of adjacent property.
If on giving such notices and the precautionary
measures having been approved by the Authority, the
adjoining property owner still refuses to give
necessary facilities to the person causing excavation
for protecting/providing both temporary and
permanent supports to such property, the
responsibility for any damage to the adjoining
property shall be that of the adjoining property owner.
The person causing excavation shall be absolved of
responsibility for any loss of property or life in the
adjoining property.
In driven piles vibration is set up which may cause
damage to adjoining structures or service lines
depending on the nature of soil condition and the
construction standard of such structures and service
lines. Possible extent of all such damages shall be
ascertained in advance, and operation and mode of
driving shall be planned with appropriate measures to
ensure safety.
Where in the vicinity of a site where bored or driven
piling works are to be carried out there are old
structures which are likely to be damaged, tell-tales
shall be fixed on such structures to watch their
behaviour and timely precautions taken against any
undesirable effect.
11.3 During construction, inspection shall be made by
the engineer-in-charge to ensure that all protective
works carried out to safe-guard the adjoining property
are sufficient and in good order to ensure safety (see
Part 2 'Administration').
11.4 Before carrying out any excavation work/pile
driving, the position, depth and size of underground
structures, such as water pipes, mains, cables or other
services in the vicinity to the proposed work, may be
obtained from the Authority to prevent accidents to
workmen engaged in excavation work and calamities
for the general public.
Prior to commencement of excavation detailed data of
the type of soils that are likely to be met with during
excavation shall be obtained and the type of protective
works by way of shoring timbering, etc, shall be
decided upon for the various strata that are likely to
be encountered during excavation. For detailed
information regarding safety requirements during
excavation reference may be made to good practice
[7(7)].
12 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND COMMON
HAZARDS DURING EXCAVATION
12.1 Location of Machinery and Tools
Excavating machinery consisting of both heavy and
light types shall be kept back from the excavation
site at a distance which would be safe for such type
of equipment. Heavy equipment, such as excavating
machinery and road traffic shall be kept back from
the excavated sites at a distance of not less than the
depth of trench or at least 6 m for trench deeper than
6 m. Care shall also be taken to keep excavating tools
and materials far away from the edge of trench to
prevent such items being inadvertently knocked into
the trench.
24
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
12.2 Excavated Materials
Excavated materials shall be kept back from the edges
of the trench to provide clear berm of safe width. Where
this is not feasible, the protective works designed for
the trenches shall take into consideration, the additional
load due to overburden of materials.
12.2.1 Other Surcharges
Proximity of buildings, piles of lumber, crushed rocks,
sand and other constructional materials, large trees,
etc, may impose surcharges on the side of the trench
to cause sliding, etc. Under these conditions additional
protective works shall be provided to support the sides
of the trench.
12.3 Type of Strata
Adequate precautions, depending upon the type of
strata met with during excavation (like quick sand,
loose fills and loose boulder) shall be taken to protect
the workmen during excavation. Effect of climatic
variations and moisture content variations on the
materials under excavation shall be constantly watched
and precautions taken, where necessary, immediately
to prevent accidents at work site.
12.4 Overhang and Slopes
During any excavation, sufficient slopes to excavated
sides by way of provision of steps or gradual slopes
shall be provided to ensure the safety of men and
machine working in the area.
12.5 Blasting for foundation of building is prohibited
unless special permission is obtained from the
Authority. Where blasting technique has to be resorted
to, prior inspection for the stability of slopes shall be
carried out. After blasting, overhangs or loose boulders
shall be cleared by expert workers carrying out blasting
prior to continuation of the excavation by normal
working parties.
12.5.1 Burrowing or mining or what is known as
'gophering' shall not be allowed. In any trench where
such methods have been followed, the cavities felt shall
be eliminated by cutting back the bare slope before
removing any further material from the section of the
trench.
12.6 Health Hazards
Where gases or fumes are likely to be present in
trenches, sufficient mechanical ventilation, to protect
the health and safety of persons working there, shall
be provided. If necessary, the personnel working there,
shall be provided with respiratory protective equipment
when work in such unhealthy conditions has to be
carried out. The precautionary measures provided shall
be inspected by the local health authorities prior to
commencement of the work.
12.7 Safety of Materials
Materials required for excavation, like ropes, planks
for gangways and walkways, ladders, etc, shall be
inspected by the engineer-in-charge who shall ensure
that no accident shall occur due to the failure of such
materials (see Part 5 'Building Materials').
12.8 Fencing and Warning Signals
Where excavation is going on, for the safety of public
and the workmen, fencing shall be erected, if there is
likelihood of the public including cattle frequenting
the area. Sufficient number of notice boards and danger
sign lights shall be provided in the area to avoid any
member of public from inadvertently falling into the
excavation. When excavations are being done on roads,
diversion of the roads shall be provided with adequate
notice board and lights indicating the diversion well
ahead. Where necessary, recourse may be had
for additional precautionary measures by way of
watchmen to prevent accident to the general public,
especially during hours of darkness.
12.9 Effect of Freezing and Thawing
Due to expansion of water when freezing, rock
fragments, boulders, etc, are frequently loosened.
Therefore, the side walls of the excavation shall be
constantly watched for signs of cracks during a thaw.
When depending in whole or in part on freezing to
support the side walls, great care shall be taken during
thaws to provide suitable bracing or remedy the
condition by scaling of the loose material from the
sides.
12.10 Vibrations from Nearby Sources
Vibration due to adjacent machinery, vehicles, rail-
roads, blasting, piling and other sources require
additional precautions to be taken.
12.11 Precautions While Using Petroleum Powered
Equipment
At the site of excavation, where petroleum powered
equipment is used, petroleum vapours are likely to
accumulate at lower levels and may cause fire
explosion under favourable circumstances. Care
should, therefore, be taken to avoid all sources of
ignition in such places.
13 PILING AND OTHER DEEP FOUNDATIONS
13.1 General
13.1.1 Safety Programme
All operations shall be carried out under the immediate
charge of a properly qualified and competent foreman
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
25
who shall also be responsible for the safety
arrangements of the work.
13.1.2 For work during night, lighting of at least 100
lux intensity shall be provided at the work site.
13.1.3 Every crane driver or hoisting appliance
operator shall be competent to the satisfaction of the
engineer-in-charge and no person under the age of 21
years should be in-charge of any hoisting machine
including any scaffolding winch, or give signals to
operator.
13.1.4 Working in compressed air, in case of deep
foundations, requires several precautions to be
observed to safeguard the workmen against severe
hazards to life, compressed air disease and related
ailments. For detailed information regarding safety
requirements, reference may be made to good practice
[7(8)].
13.2 Piling Rig
13.2.1 Pile drivers shall not be erected in dangerous
proximity to electric conductors. If two pile drivers
are erected at one place these shall be separated by a
distance at least equal to the longest leg in either rig.
13.2.2 The frame of any rig shall be structurally safe
for all anticipated dead, live or wind loads. Whenever
there is any doubt about the structural strength, suitable
test shall be carried out by the foreman and the results
of the test recorded. No pile driving equipment shall
be taken into use until it has been inspected and found
to be safe.
13.2.3 Pile drivers shall be firmly supported on heavy
timber sills, concrete beds or other secure foundation.
If necessary, to prevent danger, pile drivers shall be
adequately guyed.
When the rig is not in use, extra precautionary measures
for stability, such as securing them with minimum four
guys, shall be adopted to prevent any accidents due to
wind, storm, gales and earthquake.
13.2.4 Access to working platforms and the top pulley
shall be provided by ladders. Working platforms shall
be protected against the weather.
13.2.4.1 In tall driven piling rigs or rigs of similar
nature where a ladder is necessary for regular use, the
ladder shall be securely fastened and extended for the
full height of the rig.
13.2.5 Exposed gears, fly wheels, etc, shall be fully
enclosed.
13.2.6 Pile driving equipment in use shall be inspected
by a competent engineer at regular intervals not
exceeding three months. A register shall be maintained
at the site of work for recording the results of such
inspected pile lines and pulley blocks shall be inspected
by the foreman before the beginning of each shift, for
any excess wear or any other defect.
13.2.6.1 Defective parts of pile drivers, such as
sheaves, mechanism slings and hose shall be repaired
by only competent person and duly inspected by
foreman-in-charge of the rig and the results recorded
in the register. No steam or air equipment shall be
repaired while it is in operation or under pressure.
Hoisting ropes on pile drivers shall be made of
galvanized steel.
13.2.7 Steam and air lines shall be controlled by easily
accessible shut-off valves. These lines shall consist of
armoured hose or its equivalent. The hose of steam
and air hammers shall be securely lashed to the hammer
so as to prevent it from whipping if a connection breaks.
Couplings of sections of hose shall be additionally
secured by ropes or chains.
13.2.8 When not in use the hammer shall be in dropped
position and shall be held in place by a cleat, timber or
any other suitable means.
13.2.9 For every hoisting machine and for every
chain rig hook, shackle, swivel and pulley block used
in hoisting or as means of suspension, the safe
working loads shall be ascertained. In case of doubt,
actual testing shall be carried out and the working
load shall be taken as half of the tested load. Every
hoisting machine and all gears referred to above shall
be plainly marked with the safe working load. In case
of a hoisting machine having a variable safe working
load, each safe working load together with the
conditions under which it is applicable shall be clearly
indicated. No part of any machine or any gear shall
be loaded beyond the safe working load except for
the purpose of testing.
13.2.10 Motor gearing, transmission, electrical wiring
and other dangerous parts of hoisting appliances should
be provided with efficient safe guards. Hoisting
appliances shall be provided with such means as will
reduce, to the minimum, the risk of accidental descent
of the load and adequate precautions shall be taken to
reduce to the minimum, the risk of any part of
suspended load becoming accidentally displaced.
When workers are employed on electrical installations
which are already energized, insulating mats and
wearing apparel, such as gloves, etc, as may be
necessary, shall be provided. Sheaves on pile drivers
shall be guarded so that workers may not be drawn
into them.
13.2.10.1 When loads have to be inclined:
a) they shall be adequately counter-balanced,
and
26
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
b) the tilting device shall be secured against
slipping.
13.2.11 Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent
a pile driver from overturning if a wheel breaks.
13.2.12 Adequate precautions shall be taken by
providing stirrups or by other effective means, to
prevent the rope from coming out of the top pulley or
wheel.
13.2.13 Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent
the hammer from missing the pile.
13.2.14 If necessary, to prevent danger, long piles and
heavy sheet piling should be secured against falling.
13.2.15 Wherever steam boilers are used, the safety
regulations of boilers shall be strictly followed and
safety valves shall be adjusted to 7N/cm- in excess of
working pressure accurately.
13.2.16 Where electricity is used as power for piling
rig, only armoured cable conforming to the relevant
Indian Standard shall be used.
13.2.17 All checks as given in the Indian Standards
and any manuals issued by the manufacturers shall be
carried out.
13.3 Operation of Equipment
13.3.1 Workers employed in the vicinity of pile drivers
shall wear helmets conforming to accepted standards
[7(9)].
13.3.2 Piles shall be prepared at a distance at least
equal to twice the length of the longest pile from the
pile driver.
13.3.3 Piles being hoisted in the rig should be so slung
that they do not have to be swung round, and may not
inadvertently, swing or whip round. A hand rope shall
be fastened to a pile that is being hoisted to control its
movement. While a pile is being guided into position
in the leads, workers shall not put their hands or arms
between the pile and the inside guide or on top of the
pile, but shall use a rope for guiding.
13.3.4 Before a good pile is hoisted into position it
shall be provided with an iron ring or cap over the
driving end to prevent brooming. When creosoted
wood piles are being driven, adequate precautions shall
be taken, such as the provision of personal protective
equipment and barrier creams, to prevent workers
receiving eye or skin injuries from splashes of creosote.
13.3.5 When piles are driven at an inclination to the
vertical, if necessary, to prevent danger, these should
rest in a guide.
13.3.6 No steam or air shall be blown down until all
workers are at a safe distance.
14 WALLS
14.1 General
Depending on the type of wall to be constructed the
height of construction per day shall be restricted to
ensure that the newly constructed wall does not come
down due to lack of strength in the lower layers.
Similarly, in long walls adequate expansion/crumple
joints shall be provided to ensure safety.
14.2 Scaffold
Properly designed and constructed scaffolding built by
competent workmen shall be provided during the
construction of the walls to ensure the safety of workers.
The scaffolding may be of timber, metal or bamboo
sections and the materials in scaffolding shall be
inspected for soundness, strength, etc, at site by the
engineer-in-charge prior to erection of scaffolds.
Steel scaffolds intended for use in normal building
construction work shall conform to accepted standards
[7(10)]. Bamboo and timber scaffolds shall be properly
tied to the junctions with coir ropes of sufficient strength
or mechanical joints to ensure that joints do not give
way due to the load of workmen and material. Joining
the members of scaffolds only with nails shall be
prohibited as they are likely to get loose under normal
weathering conditions. In the erection or maintenance
of tall buildings, scaffoldings shall be of non-
combustible material especially when the work is being
done on any building in occupation. After initial
construction of the scaffolding, frequent inspections of
scaffolding. The platforms, gangways and runways
provided on the scaffoldings shall be of sufficient
strength and width to ensure safe passage for the
workmen working on the scaffolding. The joints
provided in these gangways, platforms, etc, shall be such
as to ensure a firm foot-hold to the workmen. Where
necessary, cross bars shall be provided to the full width
of gangway or runway to facilitate safe walking. For
detailed information regarding safety requirements for
erection, use and dismantling of scaffolds, reference may
be made to good practice [7(1 1)].
14.2.1 The engineer-in-charge shall ensure by frequent
inspections that gangways of scaffolding have not
become slippery due to spillage of material. Loose
materials shall not be allowed to remain on the
gangways. Where necessary, because of height or
restricted width, hand-rails shall be provided on both
sides. Workers shall not be allowed to work on the
scaffolding during bad weather and high winds.
14.2.2 In the operations involved in the erection or
maintenance of outside walls, fittings, etc, of tall
buildings, it is desirable to use one or more net(s) for
the safety of the workmen when the workmen are
required to work on scaffoldings.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
27
14.3 Ladders
All ladders shall be constructed of sound materials and
shall be capable of carrying their intended loads safely.
The ladders shall have not only adequate strength but
rigidity as well. If a ladder shows tendency to spring,
a brace shall be attached to its middle and supported
from some other non-yielding fixed object. No ladder
having a missing or defective rung or one which
depends for its support solely on nails, shall be used.
Ladders shall not be used as guys, braces or skids or
for any other purpose for which they are not intended.
They shall not be used in horizontal position as
runways. They shall not be overcrowded. Wherever
possible, ladders shall not be spliced. Where splicing
is unavoidable, it shall be done only under the
supervision of engineer-in-charge. Ladders leading to
landings or walkways shall extend at least one metre
above the landing and shall be secured at the upper
end. To prevent slipping, a ladder shall be secured at
the bottom end. If this cannot be done, a person shall
be stationed at the base whenever it is in use. As a
further precautions, the pitch at which a lean-to-ladder
is used shall be such that the horizontal distance of its
foot from the vertical plane of its top shall be not more
than one quarter of its length. If the surface of the floor
on which the ladder rests is smooth or sloping, the
ladder shall be provided with non-slip bases. If the use
of a ladder is essential during strong winds, it shall be
securely lashed in position. No ladder shall be placed
or leant against window pane, sashes or such other
unsafe or yielding objects, nor placed in front of doors
opening towards it. If setup in driveways, passageways
or public walkways, it shall be protected by suitable
barricades. When ascending or descending, the user
shall face the ladder, use both his hands and place his
feet near the ends of the rungs rather than near the
middle. It is dangerous to lean more than 30 cm to side
in order to reach a larger area from a single setting of
the ladder. Instead, the user shall get down and shift
the ladder to the required position.
Metal ladders shall not be used around electrical
equipment or circuits of any kind where there is a
possibility of coming in contact with the current. Metal
ladders shall be marked with signs reading 'CAUTION:
DO NOT USE NEAR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT' .
Wooden ladders shall be inspected at least once in a
month for damage and deterioration. Close visual
inspection is recommended in preference to load
testing. This condition is particularly applicable to rope
and bamboo ladders wherein fraying of ropes and
damage to bamboo is likely to occur due to materials
falling on them. When a ladder has been accidentally
dropped it shall be inspected by the engineer-in-charge
prior to re-use. Overhead protection shall be provided
for workmen under ladder. For detailed information
regarding safety requirements for use of ladders,
reference may be made to good practice [7(12)].
14.4 Opening in Walls
Whenever making of an opening in the existing wall
is contemplated, adequate supports against the collapse
or cracking of the wall portion above or roof or
adjoining walls shall be provided.
14.4.1 Guarding of Wall Openings and Holes
Wall opening barriers and screens shall be of such
construction and mounting that they are capable of
withstanding the intended loads safely. For detailed
information reference may be made to good practice
[7(13)]. Every wall opening from which there is a drop
of more than 1 200 mm shall be guarded by one of the
following:
a) Rail, roller, picket fence, half door or
equivalent barrier — The guard may be
removable but should preferably be hinged
or otherwise mounted so as to be conveniently
replaceable. Where there is danger to persons
working or passing below on account of the
falling materials, a removable toe board or
the equivalent shall also be provided. When
the opening is not in use for handling
materials, the guards shall be kept in position
regardless of a door on the opening. In
addition, a grab handle shall be provided on
each side of the opening. The opening should
have a sill that projects above the floor level
at least 25 mm.
b) Extension platform into which materials may
be hoisted for handling, shall be of full length
of the opening and shall have side rails or
equivalent guards.
14.4.2 Every chute wall opening from which there is
a drop of more than 1 200 mm shall be guarded by
one or more of the barriers specified in 14.4.1 or as
required by the conditions.
14.5 Projection from Walls
Whenever projections cantilever out of the walls,
temporary formwork shall be provided for such
projections and the same shall not be removed till walls
over the projecting slabs providing stability load
against overturning are completely constructed.
15 COMMON HAZARDS DURING WALLING
15.1 Lifting of Materials for Construction
Implements used for carrying materials to the top of
scaffoldings shall be of adequate strength and shall
not be overloaded during the work. Where workmen
28
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
have to work below scaffoldings or ladder, overhead
protection against the falling materials shall be
provided. Care shall be taken in carrying large bars,
rods, etc, during construction of the walls to prevent
any damage to property or injury to workmen.
15.2 Haulage of Materials
15.2.1 In case of precast columns, steel beams, etc,
proper precautions shall be taken to correctly handle,
use and position them with temporary arrangement of
guys till grouting of the base.
15.2.2 Manila or sisal rope shall not be used in rainy
season for hoisting of heavy materials as they lose their
strength with alternate wetting and drying.
15.3 Electical Hazards
No scaffolding, ladder, working platform, gangway
runs, etc, shall exist within 3 m from any uninsulated
electric wire.
15.4 Fire Hazards
Gangways and the ground below the scaffolding shall
be kept free from readily combustible materials
including waste and dry vegetation at all times.
15.4.1 Where extensive use of blow torch or other
flame is anticipated scaffoldings, gangways, etc, shall
be constructed with fire resistant materials. A portable
dry powder extinguisher of 3 kg capacity shall be kept
handy.
15.5 Mechanical Hazards
Care shall be taken to see that no part of scaffolding or
walls is struck by truck or heavy moving equipment
and no materials shall be dumped against them to
prevent any damage. When such scaffoldings are in or
near a public thoroughfare, sufficient warning lights
and boards shall be provided on the scaffoldings to
make them clearly visible to the public.
15.6 Fragile Materials
During glazing operations, adequate precautions shall
be taken to ensure that the fragments of fragile
materials do not cause any injury to workmen or
general public in that area by way of providing
covering to such material, side protection at work site,
etc.
16 ROOFING
16.1 Prevention of accidental falling of workmen
during the construction of roofs shall be ensured by
providing platforms, catch ropes, etc. If the materials
are to be hoisted from the ground level to the roof level,
adequate precautions shall be taken by way of correct
technique of handling, hoists of sufficient strength to
cater for the quantity of stores to be hoisted and
prevention of overloading such hoists or buckets,
prevention of overturning of hoists or buckets. Where
in a multi-storeyed building, the floor of one storey is
to be used for storage of materials for the construction
of roofs, it shall be ensured that the quantum of stores
kept on the floor along with the load due to personnel
engaged in the construction work shall not exceed the
rated capacity of the floors.
16.2 While roofing work is being done with corrugated
galvanized iron or asbestos cement sheets, it shall be
ensured that joints are kept secured in position and do
not slip, thus causing injury to workmen. Workers
should not be allowed to walk on asbestos cement
sheets but should be provided with walking boards.
While working with tiles, it shall be ensured that they
are not kept loose on the roof site resulting in falling
of tiles on workmen in lower area. In slopes of more
than 30° to the horizontal, the workmen shall use
ladders or other safety devices to work on the roof.
16.3 If any glass work is to be carried out in the roof,
it shall be ensured that injury to passerby due to
breaking of glass is prevented. During wet conditions,
the workmen shall be allowed to proceed to work on a
sloping roof, only if the engineer-in-charge has
satisfied himself that the workmen are not likely to
slip due to wet conditions.
16.4 Flat Roof
In any type of flat roof construction, any formwork
provided shall be properly designed and executed to
ensure that it does not collapse during construction.
During actual construction of roof, frequent inspection
of the formwork shall be carried out to ensure that no
damage has occurred to it.
16.5 While using reinforcement in roofs, it shall be
ensured that enough walking platforms are provided
in the reinforcement area to ensure safe walking to the
concreting area. Loose wires and unprotected rod ends
shall be avoided.
16.6 Guarding of Floor Openings and Floor Holes
16.6.1 Every temporary floor opening shall have
railings, or shall be constantly attended by someone.
Every floor hole into which persons can accidentally
fall shall be guarded by either:
a) a railing with toe board on all exposed sides,
or
b) a floor hole cover the adequate strength and
it should be hinged in place. When the cover
is not in place, the floor hole shall be
constantly attended by some one or shall be
protected by a removable railing.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
29
16.6.2 Every stairway floor opening shall be guarded
by a railing on all exposed sides, except at entrance to
stairway. Every ladder way floor opening or platform
shall be guarded by a guard railing with toe board on
all exposed sides (except at entrance to opening), with
the passage through the railing either provided with a
swinging gate or so offset that a person can not walk
directly into the opening.
16.6.3 Guarding of Open-Side Floors and Platform
Every open-sided floor or platform 1 200 mm or more
above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded
by a railing (or the equivalent) or all open sides, except
where there is entrance to ramp, stair-way, or fixed
ladder. The railing shall be provided with a toe board
beneath the open sides wherever:
a) persons may pass;
b) there is moving machinery; or
c) there is equipment with which falling
materials could create a hazard.
For detailed information, reference may be made to
good practice [7(13)].
17 ADDITIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
FOR ERECTION OF CONCRETE FRAMED
STRUCTURES (HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS)
17.1 Handling of Plant
17.1.1 Mixers
17.1.1.1 All gears, chains and rollers of mixers shall
be properly guarded. If the mixer has a charging skip
the operator shall ensure that the workmen are out of
danger before the skip is lowered. Railings shall be
provided on the ground to prevent anyone walking
under the skip while it is being lowered.
17.1.1.2 All cables, clamps, hooks, wire ropes, gears
and clutches, etc, of the mixer, shall be checked and
cleaned, oiled and greased, and serviced once a week.
A trial run of the mixer shall be made and defects shall
be removed before operating a mixer.
17.1.1.3 When workmen are cleaning the inside of the
drums, and operating power of the mixer shall be
locked in the off position and all fuses shall be removed
and a suitable notice hung at the place.
17.1.2 Cranes
17.1.2.1 Crane rails where used shall be installed on
firm ground and shall be properly secured. In case of
tower cranes, it shall be ensured that the level difference
between the two rails remains within the limits
prescribed by the manufacturer to safeguard against
toppling of the crane.
17.1.2.2 Electrical wiring which can possibly touch
the crane or any member being lifted shall be removed,
or made dead by removing the controlling fuses and
in their absence controlling switches.
17.1.2.3 All practical steps shall be taken to prevent
the cranes being operated in dangerous proximity to a
live overhead power line. In particular, no member of
the crane shall be permitted to approach within the
minimum safety distances as laid down in 4.23(a).
If it becomes necessary to operate the cranes with
clearances less than those specified above, it shall be
ensured that the overhead power lines shall invariably
be shut off during the period of operation of cranes.
Location of any underground power cables in the area
of operation shall also be ascertained and necessary
safety precautions shall be taken.
17.1.2.4 Cranes shall not be used at a speed which
causes the boom to swing.
17.1.2.5 A crane shall be thoroughly examined at least
once in a period of 6 months by a competent person
who shall record a certificate of the check.
17.1.2.6 The operator of the crane shall follow the safe
reach of the crane as shown by the manufacturer.
17.1.2.7 No person shall be lifted or transported by
the crane on its hook or boom.
17.1.2.8 Toe boards and limit stops should be provided
for wheel barrows on the loading/unloading platforms.
Material should be loaded securely with no projections.
17.1.2.9 Concrete buckets handled by crane or
overhead cableway shall be suspended from deep
throated hooks, preferably equipped with swivel and
safety latch. In the concrete buckets, both bottom drop
type and side drop type, closing and locking of the
exit door of the bucket shall always be checked by the
man-in-charge of loading concrete in the bucket to
avoid accidental opening of the exit door and
consequent falling of concrete.
17.1.2.10 Interlocking or other safety devices should
be installed at all stopping points of the hoists. The
hoists shaft way should be fenced properly.
17.1.2.11 When the bucket or other members being
lifted are out of sight of the crane operator, a signalman
shall be posted in clear view of the receiving area and
the crane operator.
17.1.2.12 A standard code of hand signals shall be
adopted in controlling the movements of the crane, and
both the driver and the signaler shall be thoroughly
familiar with the signals.
The driver of the crane shall respond to signals only
from the appointed signaler but shall obey stop signal
at any time no matter who gives it.
30
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
17.1.2.13 If a traveling gantry crane is operating over
casting beds, a warning signal which sounds
automatically during travel should be provided to avoid
accidents to workmen crossing or standing in the path
of the moving loads.
17.1.3 Trucks
When trucks are being used on the site, traffic problems
shall be taken care of. A reasonably smooth traffic
surface shall be provided. If practicable, a loop road
shall be provided to permit continuous operation of
vehicles and to eliminate their backing. If a continuous
loop is not possible, a turnout shall be provided.
Backing operations shall be controlled by a signalman
positioned so as to have a clear view of the area behind
the truck and to be clearly visible to the truck driver.
Movement of workmen and plant shall be routed to
avoid crossing, as much as possible, the truck lanes.
17.1.4 Concrete Pumps (Air Compressor Operated)
Safety requirements in accordance with good practice
[7(14)] shall be followed.
17.2 Formwork
17.2.1 Formwork shall be designed after taking into
consideration spans, setting temperature of concrete,
dead load and working load to be supported and safety
factor for the materials used for formwork { see also
good practice [7(6)] }.
17.2.2 All timber formwork shall be carefully
inspected before use and members having cracks and
excessive knots shall be discarded.
17.2.3 As timber centering usually takes an initial set
when vertical load is applied, the design of this
centering shall make allowance for this factor.
17.2.4 The vertical supports shall be adequately braced
or otherwise secured in position that these do not fall
when the load gets released or the supports are
accidently hit.
17.2.5 Tubular steel centering shall be used in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. When
tubular steel and timber centering is to be used in
combination necessary precautions shall be taken to
avoid any unequal settlement under load.
17.2.6 A thorough inspection of tubular steel centering
is necessary before its erection and members showing
evidence of excessive resting, kinks, dents or damaged
welds shall be discarded. Buckled or broken members
shall be replaced. Care shall also be taken that locking
devices are in good working order and that coupling
pins are effectively aligned to frames.
17.2.7 After assembling the basic unit, adjustment
screws shall be set to their approximate final adjustment
and the unit shall be level and plumb so that when
additional frames are installed the tower shall be in
level and plumb. The centering frames shall be tied
together with sufficient braces to make a rigid and solid
unit. It shall be ensured that struts and diagonals braces
are in proper position and are secured so that frames
develop full load carrying capacity. As erection
progresses, all connecting devices shall be in place and
shall be fastened for full stability of joints and units.
17.2.8 In case of timber posts, vertical joints shall be
properly designed. The connections shall normally be
with bolts and nuts. Use of rusted or spoiled threaded
bolts and nuts shall be avoided.
17.2.9 Unless the timber centering is supported by a
manufacturer's certificate about the loads it can stand,
centering shall be designed by a competent engineer.
17.2.10 Centering layout shall be made by a qualified
engineer and shall be strictly followed. The bearing
capacity of the soil shall be kept in view for every
centering job. The effect of weather conditions as dry
clay may become very plastic after a rainfall and show
marked decrease in its bearing capacity.
17.2.11 Sills under the supports shall be set on firm
soil or other suitable material in a pattern which assures
adequate stability for all props. Care shall be taken not
to disturb the soil under the supports. Adequate
drainage shall be provided to drain away water coming
due to rains, washing of forms or during the curing of
the concrete to avoid softening of the supporting soil
starta.
17.2.12 All centering shall be finally, inspected to
ensure that;
a) footings or sills under every post of the
centering are sound.
b) all lower adjustment screws or wedges are
sung against the legs of the panels.
c) all upper adjustment screws or heads of jacks
are in full contact with the formwork.
d) panels are plumb in both directions.
e) all cross braces are in place and locking
devices are in closed and secure position.
f) In case of CHHAJAS and balconies, the props
shall be adequate to transfer the load to the
supporting point.
17.2.13 During pouring of the concrete, the centering
shall be constantly inspected and strengthened, if
required, wedges below the vertical supports tightened
and adjustment screws properly adjusted as necessary.
Adequate protection of centering shall be secured from
moving vehicles or swinging loads.
17.2.14 Forms shall not be removed earlier than as
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
31
laid down in the specifications and until it is certain
that the concrete has developed sufficient strength to
support itself and all loads that will be imposed on it.
Only workmen actually engaged in removing the
formwork shall be allowed in the area during these
operations. Those engaged in removing the formwork
shall wear helmets, gloves and heavy soled shoes and
approved safety belts if adequate footing is not
provided above 2 m level. While cutting any tying
wires in tension, care shall be taken to prevent backlash
which might hit a workman.
17.2.14.1 The particular order in which the supports
are to be dismantled should be followed according to
the instructions of the site engineer.
17.3 Ramps and Gangways
17.3.1 Ramps and gangways shall be of adequate
strength and evenly supported. They shall either have
a sufficiently flat slope or shall have cleats fixed to the
surface to prevent slipping of workmen. Ramps and
gangways shall be kept free from grease, mud, snow
or other slipping hazards or other obstructions leading
to tripping and accidental fall of a workman.
17.3.1.1 Ramps and gangways meant for transporting
materials shall have even surface and be of sufficient
width and provided with skirt boards on open sides.
17.4 Materials Hoists
17.4.1 The hoist should be erected on a firm base,
adequately supported and secured. All materials
supporting the hoist shall be appropriately designed
and strong enough for the work intended and free from
defects.
17.4.2 The size of the drum shall match the size of
the rope. Not less than two full turns of rope shall
remain on the drum at all times. Ropes shall be securely
attached to the drum.
17.4.3 All ropes, chains and other lifting gear shall be
properly made of sound materials, free from defects
and strong enough for the work intended. They shall
be examined by a competent person who shall clearly
certify the safe working load on each item and the
system.
17.4.4 Hoistways shall be protected by a substantial
enclosure at ground level, at all access points
and wherever persons may be struck by any moving
part.
17.4.5 Gates at access points should be at least 2 m
high wherever possible. Gates shall be kept closed at
all times except when required open for immediate
movement of materials at that landing place.
17.4.6 All gates shall be fitted with electronic or
mechanical interlocks to prevent movement of the hoist
in the event of a gate being opened.
17.4.7 Winches used for hoists shall be so constructed
that a brake is applied when the control lever or switch
is not held in the operating position (dead-man's
handle).
17.4.8 The hoist tower shall be tied to a building or
structure at every floor level or at least every 3 m. The
height of the tower shall not exceed 6 m after the last
tie or a lesser height as recommended by the
manufacturer. All ties on a hoist tower shall be secured
using right angled couples.
17.4.9 The hoist shall be capable of being operated
only from one position at a time. It shall not be operated
from the cage. The operator shall have a clear view of
all levels or, if he has not, a clear and distinct system
of signalling shall be employed.
17.4.10 All hoist platform shall be fitted with guards
and gates to a height of at least 1 m, to prevent materials
rolling/falling from the platform.
17.4.1 1 Where materials extend over the height of the
platform guards, a frame shall be fitted and the
materials secured to it during hoisting/lowering. (Care
should be taken to ensure that neither the frame nor
materials interfere or touch any part of the hoisting
mechanism.)
17.4.12 The platform of a goods hoist shall carry a
notice stating:
a) the safe working load; and
b) that passengers shall not ride on the hoist.
17.4.13 All hoist operators shall be adequately trained
and competent, and shall be responsible for ensuring
that the hoist is not overloaded or otherwise misued.
17.4.14 All hoists shall be tested and thoroughly
examined by a competent person before use on a site,
after substantial alteration, modification or repair of
hoists, and at least every 6 months.
17.4.15 Every hoist shall be inspected at least once
each week by a competent person and a record of these
inspections kept.
17.5 Prestressed Concrete
17.5.1 In pre-stressing operations, operating,
maintenance and replacement instructions of the
supplier of the equipment shall be strictly adhered to.
17.5.2 Extreme caution shall be exercised in all
operations involving the use of stressing equipment as
wires/strands under high tensile stresses become a
lethal weapon.
17.5.3 During the jacking operation of any tensioning
32
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
element(s) the anchor shall be kept turned up close to
anchor plate, wherever possible, to avoid serious
damage if a hydraulic line fails.
17.5.4 Pulling-headers, bolts and hydraulic jacks/rams
shall be inspected for signs of deformation and failure.
Threads on bolts and nuts should be frequently
inspected for diminishing cross section. Choked units
shall be carefully cleaned.
17.5.5 Care shall be taken that no one stands in line
with the tensioning elements and jacking equipment
during the tensioning operations and that no one is
directly over the jacking equipment when deflection
is being done. Signs and barriers shall be provided to
prevent workmen from working behind the jacks when
the stressing operation is in progress.
17.5.6 Necessary shields should be put up immediately
behind the prestressing jacks during stressing
operations.
17.5.7 Wedges and other temporary anchoring devices
shall be inspected before use.
17.5.8 The prestressing jacks shall be periodically
examined for wear and tear.
17.6 Erection of Prefabricated Members
17.6.1 A spreader beam shall be used wherever
possible so that the cable can be as perpendicular to
the members being lifted as practical. The angle
between the cable and the members to be lifted shall
not be less than 60°.
17.6.2 The lifting wires shall be tested for double the
load to be handled at least once in six months. The
guy line shall be of adequate strength to perform its
function of controlling the movement of members
being lifted.
17.6.3 Temporary scaffolding of adequate strength
shall be used to support precast members at
predetermined supporting points while lifting and
placing them in position and connecting them to other
members.
17.6.4 After erection of the member, it shall be guyed
and braced to prevent it from being tipped or dislodged
by accidental impact when setting the next member.
17.6.5 Precast concrete units shall be handled at
specific picking points and with specific devices.
Girders and beams shall be braced during transportation
and handled. In such a way as to keep the members
upright.
17.6.6 Methods of assembly and erection specified by
the designer, shall be strictly adhered to at site.
Immediately on erecting any unit in position, temporary
connections or supports as specified shall be provided
before releasing the lifting equipment. The permanent
structural connections shall be established at the earliest
opportunity.
17.7 Heated Concrete
When heaters are being used to heat aggregates and
other materials and to maintain proper curing
temperatures, the heaters shall be frequently checked
for functioning and precautions shall be taken to avoid
hazards in using coal, liquid, gas or any other fuel.
17.8 Structural Connections
17.8.1 When reliance is placed on bond between
precast and in-situ concrete the contact surface of the
precast units shall be suitably prepared in accordance
with the specifications.
17.8.2 The packing of joints shall be carried out in
accordance with the assembly instructions.
17.8.3 Levelling devices, such as wedges and nuts
which have no load bearing function in the completed
structure shall be released or removed as necessary
prior to integrating the joints.
17.8.4 If it becomes necessary to use electric power
for in-situ work, the same should be stepped down to
a safe level as far as possible.
17.9 General
Workmen working in any position where there is a
falling hazard shall wear safety belts or other adequate
protection shall be provided.
18 ADDITIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
FOR ERECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
WORK
18.1 Safety Organization
The agency responsible for erecting the steel work
should analyze the proposed erection scheme for
safety; the erection scheme should cover safety aspects
right from the planning stage up to the actual execution
of the work.
18.2 Safety of Workpersons
18.2.1 General
While engaging persons for the job the supervisor
should check up and make sure that they are skilled in
the particular job they have to perform.
18.2.1.1 The helmets shall be worn properly and at
all times during the work and shall conform to the
accepted standards [7(9)].
18.2.1.2 The safety goggles shall be used while
performing duties which are hazardous to eye like
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
33
drilling, cutting and welding. The goggles used shall
conform to the accepted standards [7(15)] and should
suit individual workers.
18.2.1.3 The welders and gas cutters shall be equipped
with proper protective equipment like gloves, safety
boots, aprons and hand shields [see accepted standard
7(15)]. The filter glass of the hand shield shall conform
to the accepted standards [7(16)] and should be suitable
to the eyes of the particular worker.
18.2.1.4 When the work is in progress, the area shall
be cordoned off by barricades to prevent persons from
hitting against structural components, or falling into
excavated trenches or getting injured by falling objects.
18.2.1.5 Warning signs shall be displayed where
necessary to indicate hazards, for example (a) '440
VOLTS', (b) 'DO NOT SMOKE', (c) 'MEN WORKING
AHEAD', etc. Hand lamps shall be of low voltage
preferably 24 V to prevent electrical hazards.
18.2.1.6 All electrically operated hand tools shall be
provided with double earthing.
18.2.2 Anchors for guys or ties shall be checked for
proper placement. The weight of concrete in which
the anchors are embedded shall be checked for uplift
and sliding.
18.2.2.1 Split-end eye anchors shall only be used in
good, solid rock.
18.2.2.2 The first load lifted by a guy derrick shall be
kept at a small height for about 10 min and the anchors
immediately inspected for any signs or indications of
failure.
18.2.3 When a number of trusses or deep girders is
loaded in one car or on one truck, all but one being
lifted shall be tied back unless they have been tied or
braced to prevent their falling over and endangering
men unloading.
18.2.4 The erection gang shall have adequate supply
of bolts, washers, rivets, pins, etc, of the correct size.
Enough number of bolts shall be used in connecting
each piece using a minimum of two bolts in a pattern
to ensure that the joint will not fail due to dead load
and erection loads. All splice connections in columns,
crane girders, etc, shall be completely bolted or riveted
or welded as specified in the drawing before erection.
18.2.5 Girders and other heavy complicated structural
members may require special erection devices like
cleats and hooks, which can be shop assembled and
bolted or riveted or welded to the piece and may be
left permanently in the place after the work.
18.2.6 If a piece is laterally unstable when picked at
its centre, use of a balance beam is advisable, unless a
pair of bridles slings can be placed far enough apart
for them to be safe lifting points. The top flange of a
truss, girder or long beam may be temporarily
reinforced with a structural member laid flat on top of
the member and secured temporarily.
18.2.7 On deep girders, and even on some trusses, a
safety 'bar' running their full length will aid the riggers,
fitters and others employed on the bottom flange or
bottom chord to work with greater safety. This can be
a single 16 mm diameter wire rope through vertical
stiffeners of such members about one metre above the
bottom flange and clamped at the ends with wire rope
clamps. If the holes cannot be provided, short eye bolts
can be welded to the webs of the girder at intervals to
be removed and the surface chipped or ground to leave
it smooth after all work on the piece has been
completed.
18.2.8 Safety belts shall always be available at work
spot to be used whenever necessary. The rope shall be
chemically treated to resist dew and rotting. These shall
not be tied on sharp edges of steel structures. They
shall be tied generally not more than 2 m to 3 m away
from the belt.
18.2.9 On a guy derrick or climbing crane job, the
tool boxes used by the erection staff shall be moved to
the new working floor each time the rig is changed.
On a mobile crane job, the boxes shall be moved as
soon as the crane starts operating in a new area too far
away for the men to reach the boxes conveniently.
While working a tall and heavy guy derrick, it is
advisable to control tension in guys by hand winches
to avoid jerks, which may cause an accident.
18.2.10 The proper size, number and spacing of wire
rope clamps shall be used, depending on the diameter
of the wire rope. They shall be properly fixed in
accordance with good practice [7(17)]. They shall be
checked as soon as the rope has been stretched, as the
rope, especially if new, tends to stretch under the
applied load, which in turn may cause it to shrink
slightly in diameter. The clamps shall then be promptly
tightened to take care of this new condition. In addition,
the clamps shall be inspected frequently to be sure that
they have not slipped and are tight enough.
18.2.11 When the men can work safely from the steel
structure itself, this is preferable to hanging platforms
or scaffolds, as it eliminates additional operations,
which in turn, reduces the hazard of an accident.
18.2.11.1 To aid men working on floats or scaffolds,
as well as men in erection gangs, or other gangs using
small material, such as bolts and drift pins, adequate
bolt baskets or similar containers with handles of
sufficient strength and attachment to carry the loaded
containers, shall be provided.
34
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
18.2.11.2 The men should be trained to use such
containers, and to keep small tools gathered up and
put away in tool boxes when not in use. Material
shall not be dumped overboard when a scaffold is
to be moved. Rivet heaters shall have safe containers
or buckets for hot rivets left over at the end of the
day.
18.2.12 During the erection of tall buildings, it is
desirable to use nylon nets at a height of 3 m to 4 m to
provide safety to men. The safety net should be made
from man or machine-made fibre ropes which are UV
stablized and conforming to the acceptable standard
[7(18)].
18.2.13 Safety Against Fire
A fire protection procedure is to be set up if there is to
be any flame cutting, burning, heating, rivetting or any
operation that could start a fire. For precautions to be
observed during welding and cutting operations,
reference may be made to good practice [7(19)].
18.2.13.1 The workers should be instructed not to
throw objects like hot rivets, cigarette stubs, etc,
around.
18.2.13.2 Sufficient fire extinguishers shall be placed
at strategic points. Extinguishers shall always be placed
in cranes, hoists, compressors and similar places.
Where electrical equipments are involved, CO^ or dry
powder extinguishers shall be provided {see also good
practice [7(4)]}.
18.2.14 Riding on a load, tackle or runner shall be
prohibited.
18.2.15 The load shall never be allowed to rest on wire
ropes. Ropes in operation should not be touched. Wire
rope with broken strand shall not be used for erection
work. Wire ropes/manila ropes conforming to
acceptable standards [7(20)] shall be used for guying.
18.2.16 Lifting Appliances
Precautions as laid down in 17.1.2 shall be followed.
18.2.17 Slinging
18.2.17.1 Chains shall not be joined by bolting or
wiring links together. They shall not be shortened by
tying knots. A chain in which the links are locked,
stretched or do not move freely shall not be used. The
chain shall be free of kinks and twists. Proper eye
splices shall be used to attach the chain hooks.
18.2.17.2 Pulley blocks of the proper size shall be used
to allow the rope free play in the sheave grooves and
to protect the wire rope from sharp bends under load.
Idle sling should not be carried on the crane hook
alongwith a loaded sling. When idle slings are carried
they shall be hooked.
18.2.17.3 While using multilegged slings, each sling
or leg shall be loaded evenly and the slings shall be of
sufficient length to avoid a wide angle between the
legs.
18.2.18 Rivetting Operations
18.2.18.1 Handling rivets
Care shall be taken while handling rivets so that they
do not fall, strike or cause injury to men and material
below. Rivet catchers shall have false wooden bottoms
to prevent rivets from rebounding.
18.2.18.2 Rivetting dollies
Canvas, leather or rope slings shall be used for riveting
dollies. Chain shall not be used for the purpose.
18.2.18.3 Rivetting hammers
Snaps and plungers of pneumatic riveting hammers
shall be secured to prevent the snap from dropping out
of place. The nozzle of the hammer shall be inspected
periodically and the wire attachment renewed when
born.
18.2.18.4 Fire protection
The rivet heating equipment should be as near as
possible to the place of work. A pail of water shall
always be kept already for quenching the fire during
rivetting operations and to prevent fires when working
near inflammable materials.
18.2.19 Welding and Gas Cutting
18.2.19.1 For safety and health requirements in electric
gas welding and cutting operations, reference may be
made to good practice [7(21)]. The recommendations
given in 18.2.19.2 to 18.2.19.4 are also applicable.
18.2.19.2 All gas cylinders shall be used and stored
in the upright position only and shall be conveyed in
trolleys. While handling by cranes they shall be carried
in cages. The cylinders shall be marked 'full' or
'empty' as the case may be. Gas cylinders shall be
stored away from open flames and other sources of
heat. Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored near
combustible gas, oil, grease and similar combustible
materials. When the cylinders are in use, cylinder valve
key or wrench shall be placed in position. Before a
cylinder is moved, cylinder valve shall be closed. All
cylinder valves shall be closed when the torches are
being replaced or welding is stopped for some reason.
The cylinder valve and connections shall not be
lubricated.
18.2.19.3 Gas cutting and welding torches shall be
lighted by means of special lighters and not with
matches. The cables from welding equipment should
be placed in such a way that they are not run over by
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
35
traffic. Double earthing siiall be provided. Before
undertaking welding operations near combustible
materials, suitable blanketing shall be provided and
fire extinguishers kept nearby. Welding shall not be
undertaken in areas where inflammable liquids and
gases are stored.
18.2.19.4 Gas lines and compressed air lines shall
be identified by suitable colour codes for easy
identification, to avoid confusion and to prevent fire
and explosion hazards.
18.3 Safety of Structure
18.3.1 General
The structure itself should be safeguarded during its
erection. The first truss of the roof system shall be
guyed on each side before the hoisting rope is detached
from it. After the subsequent trusses and roof purlins
are erected, protective guides shall be firmly
established and the required wind bracings shall be
erected to prevent the whole structure being blown over
by a sudden gale at night. Bracing and guying
precautions shall be taken on every structure until it is
complete. Guying shall be specifically done for trusses
and structural components which after their erection
form an erection device. On structures used for
temporary material storage overloading shall be
avoided.
18.3.1.1 Erection of columns shall be immediately
followed by vertical bracing between columns before
the roof structure is erected.
19 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
19.1 Staircase Construction
While staircase is under construction, depending on
the type of construction, namely, concrete or
brickwork, etc, suitable precautions shall be taken by
way of support, formworks, etc, to prevent any
collapse. Workmen or any other person shall not be
allowed to use such staircases till they are tested and
found fit for usage by the Authority/engineer-in-
charge. Till the permanent handrails are provided,
temporary provisions like ropes, etc, shall be provided
on staircases prior to commencement of use of such
staircases.
19.2 Lift Wells
Till the installation of the lift is completed, lift wells
shall be protected with check boards or railings together
with notice boards, danger lights, etc, to precent
persons accidentally falling into the wells. The
handrails provided shall be capable of withstanding
pressure exerted due to normal bumping of an
individual against the same.
19.3 Construction Involving the Use of Hot
Bituminous Tar Materials
19.3.1 Safety Programme
19.3.1.1 General
On all major works, an experienced and competent
foreman or supervisor shall be placed in-charge of the
work, and shall be made responsible for the strict
observance of the safety rules. He shall stock the
necessary protective equipment, fire extinguishing
equipment, first-aid kit, etc. He shall also keep a record
of the accidents taking place on any particular job, with
reasons thereof, and shall suggest suitable remedial
measures to the management for prevention thereof.
19.3.1.2 Protective covering
Workers engaged on jobs involving handling of hot
bitumen, tar, and bituminous mixtures shall use
protective wears, such as boots and gloves, preferably
of asbestos or otherwise of rubber; goggles and helmet.
No workers shall be permitted to handle such materials
without wearing the needed protective covering.
19.3.1.3 Fire fighting arrangements
When heating and handling of hot bituminous materials
is to be done in the open, sufficient stocks of clean dry
sand or loose earth shall be made available at the work
site to cope with any resultant fires. When such
materials are not available, nor are any suitable type
of fire extinguishers provided at the work site in the
open, and reliance has to be on using water for fighting
any fire, the water supply available should be in
abundance and the water shall be applied to the fire in
the form of spray. When heating of bituminous
materials is carried out in enclosed spaces, sufficient
number of properly maintained dry powder fire
extinguisher or form extinguisher conforming to
accepted standards [7(21)] shall be kept in readiness
on the work site.
19.3.2 Sprayer, Spreader/Paver
19.3.2.1 Sprayer
The sprayer shall be provided with a fire resisting
screen. The screen shall have an observation window.
Piping for hot tar and bitumen shall be adequately
insulated to protect workers from injury by burns.
Flexible piping work under positive pressure shall be
of metal which shall be adequately insulated. Workers
shall not stand facing the wind directions while
spraying hot binder, lest it may fall on them causing
burns.
19.3.2.2 Spreader/Paver
Spreaders in operation shall be protected by signals,
signs or other effective means. People should be
36
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
warned against walking over hot mixture laid. Gravel
spreaders shall always keep a safe distance from
sprayer. Elevated platforms on spreaders shall be
protected by suitable railing and be provided with an
access ladder.
19.3.3 Equipment for Heating of Bitumen and Tars
19.3.3.1 Tanks, vats, kettles, pots, drums and other
vessels for heating tar, bitumen and other bituminous
materials shall be:
a) adequately resistant to damage by heat,
transportation, etc;
b) capable of holding a full load without danger
of collapse, bursting or distortion;
c) provided with a close fitting cover suitable
for smothering a fire in the vessel or
protection from rain; and
d) leak proof, and provided with suitable outlets
which can be controlled for taking out the hot
material.
19.3.3.2 Suitable indicator gauges shall be used to
ascertain level and temperature of the material in the
boiler. On no account shall workers be allowed to peep
into the boiler for this purpose. For ascertaining levels,
in small plants, dipstick may also be used.
19.3.3.3 Gas and oil-fired bitumen and tar kettles or
pots shall be equipped with burners, regulators and
safety devices of types approved by the Authority.
Heating appliances for vessels shall distribute the heat
uniformly over the heating surface so as to avoid
overheating. In case of bituminous mixtures using
mineral aggregates filler together with bitumen, it is
preferable to have some means for stirring as well. Only
vessels heated by electricity shall be used inside
buildings. Tar boilers shall never be used on
combustible roof.
19.3.3.4 Buckets for hot bitumen, bituminous
materials of tar shall have;
a) the bail or handle firmly secured, and
b) a second handle near the bottom for tipping.
19.3.3.5 Bitumen or tar boilers mounted on wheels
for easy transport or towing shall preferably be
provided with hand pumps for spraying purposes.
19.3.3.6 Vessels in operation shall be kept at a safe
distance from combustible materials. When vessels are
used in confined spaces, the gases, fumes and smoke
generated shall be removed by exhaust ventilation or
by forced ventilations. Vessels that are being heated
shall not be left unattended. Pieces of bituminous
material shall not be thrown into the hot vessels so as
to cause splashing. Covers shall be kept closed when
vessels are not in use. Containers shall not be filled
with hot bitumen or tar to a level that might cause
danger when they are carried or hoisted. Enough space
shall be left in vessels for expansion of binder when
heated.
19.3.3.7 Bitumen/Tar shall be kept dry and to avoid
fire due to foaming, boiler shall have a device that
prevents foam from reaching the burners or anti-
foaming agents shall be used to control the same.
Alternatively to avoid fire due to foaming, the heating
shall be at low temperature till the water entrapped, if
any, is completely evaporated. Any water present in
the boiler shall also be drained before using it for
heating binders. No open light shall be used for
ascertaining the level of binder in boilers. If a burner
goes out, the fuel supply shall be cut off and the heating
tube shall be thoroughly blown out by the fan so as to
prevent a back fire.
19.3.3.8 Cutbacks shall not be heated over an open
flame unless a water jacket is used. While they are
being heated the vessel shall be kept open.
19.3.3.9 Piping shall not be warmed with burning rags
and instead blow-lamps or similar devices shall be used.
19.3.3.10 Spilled bitumen or tar shall be promptly
cleaned up around boilers.
19.3.3.11 Inspection openings shall not be opened
while there is any pressure in the boiler.
19.3.3.12 When tanks are cleaned by steam, adequate
precautions shall be taken to prevent any built up of
pressure.
19.3.4 Handling Bitumen/Tar
Bitumen/tar shall not be heated beyond the temperature
recommended by the manufacturer of the product.
While discharging heated binder from the boiler,
workers shall not stand opposite to the jet so as to avoid
the possibility of hot binder falling on them. The
container shall be handled only after closing the control
valve. While handling hot bitumen/tar, workers shall
exercise scrupulous care to prevent accidental spillage
thereof. The buckets and cans in which the hot material
is carried from boiler shall be checked before use to
ensure that they are intact and safe. Mops and other
applicators contaminated with bituminous materials
shall not be stored inside buildings.
19.3.5 Bitumen Plants
Safety requirements shall be in accordance with good
practice [7(22)].
19.4 Timber Structure
Preventive measures against hazards in work places
involving construction of timber structures shall be
taken in accordance with good practice [7(23)].
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
37
20 FINISHES
20.1 Painting, Polishing and Other Finishes
Only the quantity of paint, thinner and pohsh required
for the day's work should be kept at the work spot.
20.1.1 All containers of paint, thinner and polish which
are not in actual use should be closed with tight fitting
lids and kept at a safe place away from the actual work
site.
20.1.2 A 5 kg dry powder fire extinguisher conforming
to acceptable standards [7(23)] shall be kept handy.
20.1.3 Metal receptacles with pedal operated metal lids
shall be kept handy at the work site for depositing used
cotton rags/waste. The contents of such receptacles
shall be disposed off before the end of each day's work
at a safe place, preferably by burning under proper
supervision.
20.1.4 All containers of paint shall be removed from
the work site and deposited in the paint store before the
close of day ' s work. Used paint brushes shall be cleaned
and deposited in the store alongwith the containers.
20.1.5 Some paints/polishing and finishing materials
are injurious to the health of workmen. Adequate
protective clothing, respiratory equipment, etc, shall
be provided for the use of workmen during such
operations where necessary.
21 FRAGILE FIXTURES
21.1 It shall be ensured that sufficient number of
workmen and equipment are provided to carry the
fragile fixtures like sanitary fittings, glass panes, etc,
to prevent injury to workmen due to accidental
dropping of such fixtures.
22 SAFETY IN SPECIAL OPERATIONS
22.1 Safety in compressed airwork, drilling, blasting
and welding operations shall be in accordance with
good practice [7(25)].
23 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AND LIFTS
23.1 Temporary Electrical Wiring
23.1.1 Frayed and/or bare wires shall not be used for
temporary electrical connections during construction.
All temporary wiring shall be installed and supervised
by a competent electrician. Adequate protection shall
be provided for all electrical wiring laid on floor which
may have to be crossed over by construction machinery
or by the workmen. All flexible wiring connecting the
electrical appliances shall have adequate mechanical
strength and shall preferably be enclosed in a flexible
metal sheath. Overhead wires/cables shall be so laid
that they leave adequate head room.
23.1.2 All electrical circuits, other than those required
for illumination of the site at night, shall be switched
off at the close of day's work. The main switch board
from which connections are taken for lighting, power
operated machinery, etc, shall be located in an easily
accessible and prominent place. No articles of clothing
nor stores shall be kept at the back of or over the board
or anywhere near it. One 3 kg/4.5 kg COj extinguisher
or one 5 kg dry powder extinguisher shall be provided
near the switch board.
23.2 Permanent Electrical Installations
Besides the fire safety measures for electrical
installations covered under 23.1, safety in electric
installations in buildings and installations of lifts shall
be in accordance with Part 8 'Building Services,
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations and
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators'.
24 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
24.1 Sanitation
a) Adequate toilet facilities shall be provided for
the workmen within easy access of their place
of work. The total number to be provided shall
be not less than one per 30 employees in any
one shift.
b) Toilet facilities shall be provided from the
start of building operations, and connection
to a sewer shall be made as soon as practicable.
c) Every toilet shall be so constructed that the
occupant is sheltered from view and protected
from the weather and falling objects.
d) Toilet facilities shall be maintained in a
sanitary condition. A sufficient quantity of
disinfectant shall be provided.
e) An adequate supply of drinking water shall
be provided, and unless connected to a
municipal water supply, samples of the water
shall be tested at frequent intervals by the
Authority.
f) Washing facilities shall be installed, and when
practicable shall be installed, and when
practicable shall be connected to municipal
water supply and shall discharge to a sewer.
g) Natural or artificial illumination shall be
provided.
24.2 Fire Protection
24.2.1 In addition to the provision of fire extinguishers,
as specified in this Part of the Code, other fire
extinguishing equipment shall also be provided and
conveniently located within the building under
construction or on the building site, as required by the
Authority.
38
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
24.2.1.1 All fire extinguishers shall be maintained in
a serviceable condition at all times in accordance with
good practice [7(4)] and all necessary guidelines
regarding fire protection at workplaces followed in
accordance with good practice [7(2)].
24.2.1.2 It shall be ensured that all workmen and
supervisory staff are fully conversant with the correct
operation and use of fire extinguishers provided at the
construction site.
24.2.1.3 Telephone number of local fire brigade
should be prominently displayed near each telephone
provided at construction site.
24.2.1.4 Watch and ward services should be provided
at construction sites during holidays and nights.
24.2.2 Access shall be provided and maintained at all
times to all fire fighting equipment, including fire hose,
extinguishers, sprinkler valves and hydrants.
24.2.2.1 Approach roads for fire fighting should be
planned, properly maintained and kept free from
blockage. Width of approach road should be not less
than 5 m to facilitate fire fighting operations.
24.2.2.2 Emergency plan and fire order specifying the
individual responsibility in the event of fire should be
formulated and mock drills should be practised
periodically in case of large and important construction
sites to ensure upkeep and efficiency of fire fighting
appliances.
24.2.2.3 Periodical inspection should be carried out
to identify any hazard and proper records maintained
and follow up action taken.
24.2.2.4 Evaluation facilities and fire exits should be
provided at all locations susceptible to fire hazards.
24.2.3 Where the building plans require the installation
of fixed fire fighting equipment, such as hydrants, stand
pipes, sprinklers and underground water mains or other
suitable arrangements for provision of water shall be
installed, completed and made available for permanent
use as soon as possible, but in any case not later than
the stage at which the hydrants, etc, are required for
use as specified in 24.2.3.1 to 24.2.3.4.
24.2.3.1 A stand pipe system (landing valves),
permanent in nature shall be installed and made
available before the building has reached the height
of 15 m above the grade, and carried up with each
floor.
24.2.3.2 The standpipe (landing valve/internal fire
hydrant) and its installation shall conform to the
accepted standards [7(26)].
24.2.3.3 The standpipe shall be carried up with each
floor and securely capped at the top. Top hose outlets.
should at all times, be not more than one floor below
the floor under construction.
24.2.3.4 A substantial box, preferably of metal, should
be provided and maintained near each hose outlet. The
box should contain adequate lengths of hose to reach
all parts of the floor as well as a short branch fitted
with 12 mm or 20 mm nozzle.
24.2.4 Close liaison shall be maintained with the local
fire brigade, during construction of all buildings
above 15 m in height and special occupancies, like
educational, assembly, institutional, industrial, storage,
hazardous and mixed occupancies with any of the
aforesaid occupancies having area more than 500 m^
on each floor.
24.2.5 It is desirable that telephone system or other
means of inter-communication system be provided
during the construction of all buildings over 15 m in
height or buildings having a plinth area in excess
of 1 000 m-.
24.2.6 All work waste, such as scrap timber, wood
shavings, sawdust, paper, packing materials and oily
waste shall be collected and disposed of safely at the
end of each day's work. Particular care shall be taken
to remove all waste accumulation in or near vertical
shaft openings like stairways, lift-shaft, etc.
24.2.7 An independent water storage facility shall be
provided before the commencement of construction
operations for fire-fighting purposes. It shall be
maintained and be available for use at all times.
24.2.8 Fire Cut-offs
Fire walls and exit stairways required for a building
should be given construction priority. Where fire doors,
with or without automatic closing devices, are
stipulated in the building plans they should be hung as
soon as practicable and before any significant quantity
of combustible material is introduced in the building.
24.2.8.1 As the work progresses, the provision of
permanent stairways, stairway enclosures, fire walls
and other features of the completed structure which
will prevent the horizontal and vertical spread of fire
should be ensured.
24.3 Clothing
24.3.1 It shall be ensured that the clothes worn by the
workmen be not of such nature as to increase the
chances of their getting involved in accident to
themselves or to others. As a rule, wearing of
CHADDARS or loose garments shall be prohibited.
24.3.2 Workmen engaged in processes which splash
liquid or other materials which will injure the skin shall
have enough protective clothing to cover the body.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
39
24.3.3 Individuals engaged in work involving use of
naked flames (such as welding) shall not wear synthetic
fibre or similar clothing which increases the risk of
fire hazards.
24.4 Safety Measures Against Fall Prevention
Persons working at heights may use safety belts and
harnesses. Provision of cat-walks, wire mesh, railings
reduces chances of fall-ladder and scaffoldings,
stagings etc, should be anchored on firm footing and
should be secured and railing should be provided as
far as possible. All accesses should be barricaded to
prevent accidental fall. For details as fall prevention
reference may be made to good practice [7(27)].
24.5 Falling Materials Hazard Prevention
Preventive measures against falling materials hazards
in work places shall be taken in accordance with good
practice [7(28)].
24.6 Disposal of Debris
Preventive measures against hazards relating to
disposal of debris shall be taken in accordance with
[7(29)].
25 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
25.1 Specification and requirements of construction
machinery used in construction or demolition work
shall conform to accepted standards [7(30)].
25.2 For safety requirements for working with
construction machinery, reference may be made to
good practice [7(31)].
25.3 Petroleum powered air compressors, hoists,
derricks, pumps, etc, shall be so located that the
exhausts are well away from combustible materials.
Where the exhausts are pipes to outside the building
under construction, a clearance of at least 150 mm shall
be maintained between such piping and combustible
material.
SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT, REPAIRS, RETROFITTING
AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS
26 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
26.1 Maintenance management of building is the art
of preserving over a long period what has been
constructed. Whereas construction stage lasts for a
short period, maintenance continues for comparatively
very large period during the useful life of building.
Inadequate or improper maintenance adversely affects
the environment in which people work, thus affecting
the overall output. In the post construction stage the
day to day maintenance or upkeep of the building shall
certainly delay the decay of the building structure.
Though the building may be designed to be very
durable it needs maintenance to keep it in good
condition.
26.2 Terminology
For the purpose of this Section, the following
definitions shall apply.
26.2.1 Maintenance — The combination of all
technical and associated administrative actions
intended to retain an item in or restore it to a state in
which it can perform its required function.
26.2.2 Maintenance Management — The organization
of maintenance within an agreed policy. Maintenance
can be seen as a form of 'steady state' activity.
26.2.3 Building Fabric — Elements and components
of a building other than furniture and services.
26.2.4 Building Maintenance — Work undertaken to
maintain or restore the performance of the building
fabric and its services to provide an efficient and
acceptable operating environment to its users.
26.2.5 House Keeping — The routine recurring work
which is required to keep a structure in good condition
so that it can be utilized at its original capacity and
efficiency along with proper protection of capital
investment, throughout its economic life.
26.2.6 Owner — Person or body having a legal interest
in a building. This includes freeholders, leaseholders
or those holding a sub-lease which both bestows a legal
right to occupation and gives rise to liabilities in respect
of safety or building condition.
In case of lease or sub-lease holders, as far as ownership
with respect to the structure is concerned, the structure
of a flat or structure on a plot belongs to the allottee/
lessee till the allotment/lease subsists.
26.2.7 Confined Space — Space which may be
inadequately ventilated for any reason and may result
in a deficiency of oxygen, or a build-up of toxic gases,
e.g. closed tanks, sewers, ducts, closed and unventilated
rooms, and open topped tanks particularly where
heavier than air gases or vapours may be present.
26.3 Building Maintenance
26.3.1 General
Any building (including its services) when built has
certain objectives and during its total economic life, it
has to be maintained. Maintenance is a continuous
process requiring a close watch and taking immediate
remedial action. It is interwoven with good quality of
house keeping. It is largely governed by the quality of
original construction. The owners, engineers.
40
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
constructors, occupants and the maintenance agency
are all deeply involved in this process and share a
responsibility. Situation in which all these agencies
merge into one is ideal and most satisfactory.
There are two processes envisaged, that is, the work
carried out in anticipation of failure and the work
carried out after failure. The former is usually referred
to as preventive maintenance and the latter as corrective
maintenance. The prime objective of maintenance is
to maintain the performance of the building fabric and
its services to provide an efficient and acceptable
operating environment to its users.
26.3.1.1 Maintenance in general term can be identified
in the following broad categories.
a) Cleaning and servicing — This is largely of
preventive type, such as checking the efficacy
of rain water gutters and servicing the
mechanical and electrical installations. This
covers the house keeping also.
b) Rectification and repairs — This is also called
periodical maintenance work undertaken by,
say, annual contracts and including external
replastering, internal finishing etc.
c) Replacements — This covers major repair or
restoration such as re-roofing or re-building
defective building parts.
26.3.2 Factors Affecting Maintenance
26.3.2.1 Maintenance of the buildings is influenced
by the following factors:
a) Technical factors — These include age
of building, nature of design, material
specifications, past standard of maintenance
and cost of postponing maintenance.
b) Policy — A maintenance policy ensures that
value for money expended is obtained in
addition to protecting both the asset value and
the resource value of the buildings concerned
and owners.
c) Financial and economics factors — {see
26.9).
d) Environmental — All buildings are subject to
the effects of a variety of external factors such
as air, wind precipitation, temperature etc.
which influence the frequency and scope of
maintenance.
The fabric of building can be adversely
affected as much by the internal environment
as by the elements externally. Similar factors
of humidity, temperature and pollution should
be considered. Industrial buildings can be
subject to many different factors subject to
processes carried out within. Swimming pool
structures are vulnerable to the effects of
chlorine used in water.
e) User — The maintenance requirements of
buildings and their various parts are directly
related to the type and intensity of use they
receive.
26.3.2.2 Influence of design
The physical characteristics, the life span and the
aesthetic qualities of any building depend on the
considerations given at the design stage. All buildings,
however well designed and conscientiously built, will
require repair and renewal as they get older.
However, for better performance of the building
envelop, the following are the ways to minimize
troubles at the later stage.
a) Minimize defects during construction and
design.
b) Detail and choose materials during construction
so that the job of maintenance is less onerous.
26.3.2.2.1 In addition to designing a building for
structural adequacy, consideration should also be given
to environmental factors such as moisture, natural
weathering, corrosion and chemical action, user wear
and tear, pollution, flooding, subsidence, earthquake,
cyclones etc.
26.3.2.2.2 A list of common causes for maintenance
problems is given in Annex C for guidance. However,
no such list is likely to be entirely comprehensive.
26.3.3 Maintenance Policy
The policy should cover such items as the owner's
anticipated future requirement for the building taking
account of the building's physical performance and
its functional suitability. This may lead to decisions
regarding:
a) the present use of the building anticipating
any likely upgradings and their effect on
the life cycles of existing components or
engineering services; and
b) a change of use for the building and the effect
of any conversion work on the life cycles of
existing components or engineering services.
26.3.4 Maintenance Work Programmes
The programming of maintenance work can affect an
owner or his activities in the following ways:
a) maintenance work should be carried out at
such times as are likely to minimize any
adverse effect on output or function.
b) programme should be planned to obviate as
far as possible any abortive work.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
41
This may arise if upgrading or conversion
work is carried out after maintenance work
has been completed or if work such as
rewiring is carried out after redecorations.
c) any delay in rectifying a defect should be kept
to a minimum only if such delay is likely to
affect output or function. The cost of
maintenance increases with shortening
response times.
d) maintenance work, completed or being
carried out should comply with all statutory
and other legal requirements.
26.3.5 Maintenance Guides
An owner responsible for a large number of buildings
may have established procedures for maintenance.
When an owner is responsible for the maintenance of
only one building or a small number of buildings, the
preparation of a guide tailored to suit each particular
building, can offer significant advantages. Such a guide
should take into account the following:
a) type of construction and residual life of the
building, and
b) environment and intensity of use (see 26.3.2).
The guide may form part of a wider manual covering
operational matters.
26.3.6 Planning of Maintenance Work
Work should take account of the likely maintenance
cycle of each building element and be planned
logically, with inspections being made at regular
intervals. Annual plans should take into account
subsequent years' programmes to incorporate items
and to prevent additional costs. It should be stressed
that the design of some buildings can lead to high
indirect costs in maintenance contracts and therefore,
careful planning can bring financial benefits. Decisions
to repair or replace should be taken after due
consideration.
26.3.7 Feed Back
26.3.7.1 Feed back is normally regarded as an
important procedure of providing information about
the behaviour of materials and detailing for the benefit
of the architect/engineer designing new buildings,
which will result in lessening maintenance costs. It is
an equally valuable source of information for
the persons responsible for maintenance. Every
maintenance organization should develop a sample
way of communicating its know how, firstly for benefit
of others in the organization and secondly for the
benefit of the building industry as a whole. There
should be frank and recorded dialogue on an on-going
basis between those who occupy and care for buildings
and those who design and construct them.
26.3.7.2 Feed back should aim at the following:
a) User satisfaction,
b) Continuous improvement, and
c) Participation by all.
26.3.7.3 Source of information
The information on feed back can be obtained from
the following:
a) Occupants,
b) Inspections,
c) Records, and
d) Discussions.
26.3.8 Means of Effecting Maintenance
26.3.8.1 Responsibility
Some maintenance work will be carried out by
the occupier of a building or by the occupier's
representative. In the case of leasehold or similar
occupation not all maintenance may be the
responsibility of occupier. Responsibility of common
areas may be clearly defined.
26.3.8.2 Maintenance work sub-divided into major
repair, restoration, periodical and routine or day-to-day
operations will be undertaken by one of the following:
a) Directly employed labour,
b) Contractors, and
c) Specialist contractors under service agreement
or otherwise.
26.3.8.3 The merits of each category for typical
maintenance work must be considered because
optimum use of resources appropriate to tasks in a
given situation is an important element of policy.
26.3.8.4 The success of contracting out depends on
the nature of the services, conditions in which
contracting is undertaken (the tendering process), how
the contract is formulated and subsequent monitoring
of service quality. The important consideration in the
decision to contract out is whether a contractor can
ensure a socially desirable quantity and quality of
service provision at a reasonable cost to the
consumers.
26.4 Access
26.4.1 General
All maintenance activities including any preliminary
survey and inspection work require safe access and in
some situations this will have to be specially designed.
Maintenance policy, and maintenance costs, will be
much influenced by ready or difficult access to the
fabric and to building services. Special precautions and
access provisions may also need to be taken for roof
42
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
work or for entry into confined spaces such as ducts or
voids.
26.4.2 Access Facilities
26.4.2.1 Permanent accessibility measures should be
provided at the design stage only for all the areas for
safe and proper maintenance. It is a matter on which
those experienced in the case of the building can make
an important contribution at design stage in the interest
of acceptable maintenance costs.
26.4.2.2 A wide variety of temporary access equipment
may appropriately be provided for maintenance work,
ranging from ladders to scaffoldings or powered lift
platforms.
26.4.2.3 Wherever possible it is better to provide
permanent access facilities such as fixed barriers,
ladders, and stairways. When such permanent access
facilities are provided necessary arrangement may be
included in maintenance plans for their regular
inspection, maintenance and testing.
26.4.2.4 All personnel employed for carrying out
maintenance should be provided with the necessary
protective clothing and equipment and instructed in
its use.
26.4.2.5 When physical access is not possible in
situations such as wall cavities, drains etc, inspections
may be made with the aid of closed circuit television
or optical devices such as endoscopes.
26.4.3 Access to Confined Spaces
26.4.3.1 Ventilation
Special precautions need to be taken when entering a
confined space. Such confined spaces should be
adequately ventilated, particularly before being
entered, to ensure that they are free from harmful
concentrations of gases, vapours other airborne
substances and that the air is not deficient in oxygen.
26.4.3.2 Lighting
Good lighting is necessary in order that maintenance
work can be carried out satisfactorily. This is
particularly important in confined spaces. When
the normal lighting is inadequate it should be
supplemented by temporary installations. These
should provide general and spot illumination as
appropriate.
26.5 Records
26.5.1 General
Good records can save owners and users/occupiers
much unnecessary expense and reduce potential
hazards in exploration work when faults arise.
26.5.2 Use of Building Records
26.5.2.1 All personnel involved in the maintenance
of the building should be made aware of the existence
of the building records.
26.5.2.2 Known hazardous areas should be explicitly
marked on the records as well as being marked on
site and should be pointed out to such personnel
together with any system of work adopted for use in
such areas.
26.5.2.3 Records are of value only if they are kept up
to date and arrangements for this should be included
in any provision that may be made for records.
26.5.2.4 Records should be readily accessible for use
and the place of storage should take into account the
form of the records and the conditions needed to keep
them from damage of any kind. It is recommended
that a duplicate set of records is kept in a secure place
other than building itself and is kept up to date.
26.5.3 Following should be typical contents of the
maintenance records;
a) A brief history of property, names and
addresses of consultants and contractors.
b) Short specifications, constructional processes,
components, material finishes, hidden
features, special features etc.
c) "As built" plans and as subsequently altered
with sections, elevations and other detailed
drawings.
d) Foundation and structural plans/sections such
as concrete reinforcement drawings.
e) Detail specification of all materials incorporated,
for example, concrete mix, species and grades
of timber etc. Potentially hazardous materials
and types or methods of construction that
under some circumstances may become
hazardous may be identified.
f) Information on house keeping and routine
maintenance with details of internal and
external surfaces and decorations, schedule
of cleaning, inspection and maintenance.
g) Means of operating mechanical, electrical and
plumbing installations.
h) Description of renovations, extensions,
adaptations and repair to each elements.
j) All plant, machinery and propriety articles
including manufacturers trade literature
and instructions for installation, use and
maintenance.
k) Methods of work used in construction such
as assembly of prefabricated units.
m) All information related to fire such as:
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
43
1 ) Location and service arrangements of all
fire alarm and call points;
2) Location and service arrangements of all
extinguishers, hose reels and other fire
fighting installations;
3) Location of all fire compartment walls,
doors, floors and screens;
4) Location of all areas of exceptional fire
hazard;
5) Fire escape routes;
6) Details of application of any fire protection
treatment; and
7) Location details and description of any
installation for smoke control or protection
of escape routes.
n) There should be a wall chart showing at a
glance the various operations which have to
be undertaken. Line drawings of buildings are
always useful.
p) Records of security measures should be
known to authorized personnel only.
q) Where no records exist, information should
be slowly built up as it becomes available
during the course of maintenance work.
r) Use of computers for storing information may
be preferred.
26.5.4 Mechanical Records
26.5.4.1 Documentation
Documentation should record the following as
installed:
a) the location, including level if buried, of all
public service connections (for example, fuel
gas and cold water supplies) together with the
points of origin and termination, size and
materials of pipes, line pressure and other
relevant information;
b) the layout, location and extent of all piped
services showing pipe sizes, together with all
valves for regulation, isolation and other
purposes as well as the results of all balancing,
testing and commissioning data;
c) the location, identity, size and details of all
apparatus and all control equipment served
by, or associated with, each of the various
services together with copies of any test
certificates for such apparatus where
appropriate. The information with respect to
size and details may be presented in schedule
form;
d) the layout, location and extent of all air ducts
showing dampers and other equipment,
acoustic silencers, grilles, diffusers or other
terminal components. Each duct and each
terminal component should be marked with
its size, the air quantity flowing and other
relevant balancing data; and
e) the location and identity of each room or space
housing plant, machinery or apparatus.
26.5.4.2 Drawings
Drawings should record the following as installed:
a) detailed general arrangements of boiler
houses, machinery spaces, air handling plants,
tank rooms and other plant or apparatus,
including the location, identity, size and rating
of each apparatus. The information with
respect to the size and rating can be presented
in schedule form;
b) isometric or diagrammatic views of boiler
houses, plant rooms, tank rooms and similar
machinery, including valve identification
charts. It is useful to frame and mount a
copy of such drawings on the wall of the
appropriate room; and
c) comprehensive diagrams that show power
wiring and control wiring and/or pneumatic
or other control piping including size, type
or conductor or piping used and identifying
the terminal points of each.
26.5.5 Electrical Records
Documentation should record the following including
locations, as installed:
a) main and submain cables, showing origin,
route, termination, size and type of each cable;
cables providing supplies to specialist
equipment, for example, computers, should
be identified separately; and
b) lighting conduits and final subcircuit cables,
showing origin, route, termination and size
of each, together with the number and size of
cables within each conduit. The drawings
should indicate for each conduit or cable,
whether it is run on the surface or concealed,
for example, in a wall chase, in a floor screed,
cast in-situ, above a false ceiling etc.
These drawings should also indicate the locations of
lighting fittings, distribution boards, switches, draw-
in-boxes and point boxes, and should indicate circuitry:
a) location and purpose of each emergency
lighting fitting including an indication of the
circuit to which it is connected;
b) single and three phase power conduits and
final subcircuit cables showing locations of
power distribution boards, motors, isolators.
44
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
starters, remote control units, socket outlets
and other associated equipment;
c) other miscellaneous equipment, conduits and
cables;
d) lightening conductor, air terminals, conductors,
earth electrodes and test clamps;
e) location of earth tapes, earth electrodes and
test points other than those in (f); and
f) cables providing earth circuits for specialist
equipment, for example computers, should be
identified separately.
Documentation should also include, when applicable.
a) distribution diagrams or schedules to show
size, type and length (to within 1 m) of each
main and submain cable, together with the
measured earth continuity resistance of each;
b) schedule of lighting fittings installed stating
location, manufacturer and type or catalogue
number together with the type or
manufacturer's reference, voltage and wattage
of the lamp installed;
c) schedule of escape and emergency lighting
fittings installed stating location,
manufacturer, type or catalogue number
together with the type or manufacturer's
reference, voltage and wattage of the lamp
installed. For battery systems the position of
the battery, its ampere hour rating and battery
system rated endurance in hours should be
stated;
d) records of smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire
precautions;
e) incoming supply details; the type of system,
voltage, phases, frequency, rated current and
short circuit level, with the details of the
supply protection and time of operation as
appropriate;
g) main switchgear details; for purpose made
equipment this should include a set of
manufacturers' drawings and the site layout;
h) transformer, capacitor and power plant
details; the leading details should be given,
for example, for transformers the V.A rating,
voltages and type of cooling; and
j) Completion certificate, according to the
Indian Electricity Act.
26.6 Inspections
26.6.1 General
Regular inspections are actual part of the procedures
for the maintenance of buildings. They are needed for
a variety of purposes and each purpose requires a
different approach if it is to be handled with maximum
economy and efficiency. A more detailed inspection
covering all parts of a building is needed to determine
what work should be included in cyclic and planned
maintenance programme.
26.6.2 Frequency of Inspection
Inspection should be carried out at the following
frequencies:
a) Routine — Continuous regular observations
should be undertaken by the building user as
part of the occupancy of building. Feed back
resulting from this type of observation should
be encouraged.
b) General — Visual inspections of main
elements should be made annually under the
supervision of suitably qualified personnel at
appropriate times.
c) Detailed — The frequency of full inspection
of the building fabric by suitably qualified
personnel should not normally exceed a 5 year
period.
26.6.2.1 Inspection schedule
The preparation of a specific schedule should be
encouraged. Once prepared, it can be used for
subsequent inspections.
26.6.3 Inspection of Engineering Services
Engineering services generally have a shorter life
expectancy than building fabric and because of their
dynamic function should be subjected to more frequent
inspections and maintenance.
26.6.3.1 Inspection of services should be carried out
for three purposes as follows:
a) to check if maintenance work is required,
b) to check if maintenance work is being
adequately carried out, and
c) for safety reasons to comply with
statutory requirements and if required,
with recommendations of other relevant
organizations.
26.6.3.2 The frequency of inspections for purpose
(a) will depend upon types of plant and system
manufacturer's recommendations and subjective
judgement. Frequencies for purpose (b) should be
carried out on an annual basis.
26.6.3.3 Method of inspection
The limited life of building services means it is
important to record their residual life so that their
replacement can be budgeted for, and inspection
methods should be arranged accordingly.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
45
A check list of items of plant to be inspected siiould be
considered. Detailed specifications of how inspections
should be carried out are necessary because a simple
visual inspection is unlikely to show whether plant is
operating correctly and efficiently.
Inspections frequently necessitate the use of
appropriate instruments by competent persons. An
example of this is the inspections carried out to check
compliance with statutory requirements.
When instruments are used it is important that adequate
training is provided in the use of the instruments and
the interpretation of the results.
26.6.4 Records of all inspections should be kept.
26.6.5 Inspection Report
Inspection report may be prepared in the format as
given in Annex D.
26.7 Maintenance of Electrical Appliances
26.7.1 Planning of Maintenance Work
26.7.1.1 If the authorized person has complete
knowledge of the electrical appliances to be worked
upon, then safety will be more assured. If the person
attending to the job is not technically competent to
handle the job then more careful planning is required
before hand.
26.7.1.2 Repetitive nature of jobs involve little or no
pre-planning whereas infrequent nature of jobs may
need careful planning even if the person attending the
job is technically competent.
26.7.1.3 Planned routine maintenance will facilitate
continued safe and acceptable operation of an electrical
system with a minimum risk of breakdown and
consequent interruption of supply.
26.7.1.4 As far as the electrical equipments/
installations are concerned, it is not possible to laydown
precise recommendations for the interval between the
maintenance required. The recommendation for
frequency of maintenance in this regard from the
manufacturer is more relevant. The manufacturer
should be requested to specify minimum maintenance
frequency under specified conditions. These intervals
depend greatly upon the design of the equipment, the
duty that it is called on to perform and the environment
in which it is situated.
26.7.2 Following two types of maintenance are
envisaged.
26.7.2.1 Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance of the electrical equipments goes
alongwith the regular inspections of the equipments.
Inspections shall reveal the undue damage and excessive
wear to the various components. Examination of the
equipment shall reveal any need for conditioning of
the contact system, lubrication and adjustment of the
mechanisms.
26.7.2.2 Post fault maintenance
When there is a breakdown in the system and certain
parts are identified for the replacement and then the
maintenance/repair of the defective part away from the
operating environment is covered under post fault
maintenance.
26.7.3 Guidelines for the Maintenance of Electrical
Appliances
26.7.3.1 Uninterrupted and hazard free functioning of
the electrical installations are the basic parameters of
maintenance. The equipment should be restored to
correct working conditions. Special attention should
be paid to the items and settings that might have been
disturbed during the operational phase. Loose and
extraneous equipment or wiring give rise to potential
safety hazards. All covers and locking arrangements
should be properly checked and secured to achieve
original degree of protection.
26.7.3.2 Guidelines to be followed for the maintenance
of electrical equipments to ensure their smooth
functioning are given in Annex E.
26.8 Operating and Maintenance Manuals
The engineering services within buildings frequently
are dynamic, involving complex systems of integrated
plant items. Operation of such plant can require detailed
knowledge and direction. Maintenance can also require
extensive information to be available. It is, therefore,
important to have suitable operating and maintenance
manuals to provide the necessary guidance. These
should be included as part of the contractual
requirements for new installations and should ideally
be prepared as reference documents for existing
installations where no such information exists.
26.9 For details on labour management concerning
building maintenance, reference shall be made to good
practice [7(32)].
26.10 For details on financial management concerning
building maintenance, reference shall be made to good
practice [7(33)].
27 PREVENTION OF CRACKS
27.1 Cracks in buildings are of common occurrence.
A building component develops cracks whenever stress
in the component exceeds its strength. Stress in a
building component could be caused by externally
applied forces, such as dead, imposed, wind or seismic
loads, or foundation settlement or it could be induced
46
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
internally due to thermal movements, moisture
changes, chemical action, etc.
27.2 Cracks could be broadly classified as structural
or non- structural. Structural cracks are those which are
due to incorrect design, faulty construction or
overloading and these may endanger the safety of a
building. Extensive cracking of an RCC beam is an
instance of structural cracking. Non- structural cracks
are mostly due to internally induced stresses in building
materials and these generally do not directly result in
structural weakening. In course of time, however,
sometime non-structural cracks may, because of
penetration of moisture through cracks or weathering
action, result in corrosion of reinforcement and thus
may render the structure unsafe. Vertical cracks in a
long compound wall due to shrinkage or thermal
movement is an instance of non-structural cracking.
Non-structural cracks, normally do not endanger the
safety of a building, but may look unsightly, or may
create an impression of faulty work or may give a
feeling of instability. In some situations, cracks may,
because of penetration of moisture through them, spoil
the internal finish, thus adding to cost of maintenance.
It is, therefore, necessary to adopt measures of
prevention or minimization of these cracks.
27.3 For complete details on causes and prevention
of non- structural cracks, reference shall be made to
good practice SP 25 : 1984 'Handbook on causes and
prevention of cracks in buildings'.
28 REPAIRS AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING
OF BUILDINGS
28.1 General Principles and Concepts
28.1.1 Non-Structural/Architectural Repairs
28.1.1.1 The buildings affected by earthquake may
suffer both non-structural and structural damages. Non-
structural repairs may cover the damages to civil and
electrical items including the services in the building.
Repairs to non-structural components need to be taken
up after the structural repairs are carried out. Care
should be taken about the connection details of
architectural components to the main structural
components to ensure their stability.
28.1.1.2 Non- structural and architectural components
get easily affected/dislocated during the earthquake.
These repairs involve one or more of the following:
a) Patching up of defects such as cracks and fall
of plaster;
b) Repairing doors, windows, replacement of
glass panes;
c) Checking and repairing electric conduits/
wiring;
d) Checking and repairing gas pipes, water pipes
and plumbing services;
e) Re-building non-structural walls, smoke
chimneys, parapet walls, etc;
f) Re-plastering of walls as required;
g) Rearranging disturbed roofing tiles;
h) Relaying cracked flooring at ground level;
and
j) Redecoration — white washing, painting, etc.
The architectural repairs as stated above do not restore
the original structural strength of structural components
in the building and any attempt to carry out only repairs
to architectural/non-structural elements neglecting
the required structural repairs may have serious
implications on the safety of the building. The damage
would be more severe in the event of the building being
shaken by the similar shock because original energy
absorption capacity of the building would have been
reduced.
28.1.2 Structural Repairs
28.1.2.1 Prior to taking up of the structural repairs and
strengthening measures, it is necessary to conduct
detailed damage assessment to determine:
a) the structural condition of the building to
decide whether a structure is amendable for
repair; whether continued occupation is
permitted; to decide the structure as a whole
or a part require demolition, if considered
dangerous;
b) if the structure is considered amendable for
repair then detailed damage assessment of the
individual structural components (mapping of
the crack pattern, distress location; crushed
concrete, reinforcement bending/yielding,
etc). Non-destructive testing techniques could
be employed to determine the residual
strength of the members; and
c) to work out the details of temporary supporting
arrangement of the distressed members so that
they do not undergo further distress due to
gravity loads.
28.1.2.2 After the assessment of the damage of
individual structural elements, appropriate repair
methods are to be carried out componentwise
depending upon the extent of damage. The repair may
consist of the following:
a) Removal of portions of cracked masonry
walls and piers and rebuilding them in richer
mortar. Use of non- shrinking mortar will be
preferable.
b) Addition of reinforcing mesh on both faces
of the cracked wall, holding it to the wall
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
47
through spikes or bohs and then covering it,
suitably, with cement mortar or micro-
concrete.
c) Injecting cement or epoxy Uke material which
is strong in tension, into he cracks in walls.
d) The cracked reinforced cement elements may
be repaired by epoxy grouting and could be
strengthened by epoxy or polymer mortar
application like shotcreting, jecketting, etc.
28.1.3 Seismic Strengthening
The main purpose of the seismic strengthening is to
upgrade the seismic resistance of a damaged building
while repairing so that it becomes safer under future
earthquake occurrences. This work may involve some
of the following actions:
a) Increasing the lateral strength in one or both
directions by increasing column and wall
areas or the number of walls and columns.
b) Giving unity to the structure, by providing a
proper connection between its resisting
elements, in such a way that inertia forces
generated by the vibration of the building can
be transmitted to the members that have the
ability to resist them. Typical important
aspects are the connections between roofs or
floors and walls, between intersecting walls
and between walls and foundations.
c) Eliminating features that are sources of
weakness or that produce concentration of
stresses in some members. Asymmetrical plan
distribution of resisting members, abrupt
changes of stiffness from one floor to the
other, concentration of large masses and large
openings in walls without a proper peripheral
reinforcement are examples of defects of this
kind.
d) Avoiding the possibility of brittle modes
of failure by proper reinforcement and
connection of resisting members.
28.1.4 Seismic Retrofitting
Many existing buildings do not meet the seismic
strength requirements of present earthquake codes due
to original structural inadequacies and material
degradation due to time or alterations carried out during
use over the years. Their earthquake resistance can be
upgraded to the level of the present day codes by
appropriate seismic retrofitting techniques, such as
mentioned in 28.1.3.
28.1.5 Strengthening or Retrofitting Versus
Reconstruction
28.1.5.1 Replacement of damaged buildings or
existing unsafe buildings by reconstruction is,
generally, avoided due to a number of reasons, the main
ones among them being;
a) higher cost than that of strengthening or
retrofitting,
b) preservation of historical architecture, and
c) maintaining functional social and cultural
environment.
In most instances, however, the relative cost of
retrofitting to reconstruction cost determines the
decision. As a thumb rule, if the cost of repair and
seismic strengthening is less than about 50 percent of
the reconstruction cost, the retrofitting is adopted. This
may also require less working time and much less
dislocation in the living style of the population. On
the other hand reconstruction may offer the possibility
of modernization of the habitat and may be preferred
by well-to-do communities.
28.1.5.2 Cost- wise the building construction including
the seismic code provisions in the first instance, works
out the cheaper in terms of its own safety and that of
the occupants. Retrofitting an existing inadequate
building may involve as much as 4 to 5 times the initial
extra expenditure required on seismic resisting features.
Repair and seismic strengthening of a damaged
building may even be 5 to 10 times as expensive. It is,
therefore, very much safe as well as cost-effective to
construct earthquake resistant buildings at the initial
stage itself according to the relevant seismic IS codes.
28.2 For detailed guidelines for repairs and seismic
strengthening of buildings, reference shall be made to
good practice [7(34)].
28.3 For detailed guidelines for improving earthquake
resistance of low strength masonry buildings, reference
shall be made to good practice [7(35)].
28.4 For detailed guidelines for improving earthquake
resistance of earthen buildings, reference shall be made
to good practice [7(36)].
SECTION 5 SAFETY IN DEMOLITION OF
BUILDINGS
29 GENERAL
29.1 This Section lays down the safety requirements
for carrying out demolition/dismantling work.
29.2 Planning
Before beginning the actual work of demolition a
careful study shall be made of the structure which is to
be pulled down and also of all its surroundings. This
shall, in particular, include study of the manner in
which the various parts of the building to be demolished
are supported and how far the stage by stage demolition
48
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
will affect the safety of the adjoining structure. A
definite plan of procedure for the demolition work,
depending upon the manner in which the loads of the
various structural parts are supported, shall be prepared
and approved by the engineer-in-charge and this shall
be followed as closely as possible, in actual execution
of the demolition work. Before the commencement of
each stage of demolition, the foreman shall brief the
workmen in detail regarding the safety aspects to be
kept in view.
It should be ensured that the demolition operations do
not, act any stage, endanger the safety of the adjoining
buildings. Moreover, the nuisance effect of the
demolishing work on the use of the adjacent buildings
should be kept to the minimum.
No structure or part of the structure or any floor or
temporary support or scaffold, side wall or any device
for equipment shall be loaded in excess of the safe
carrying capacity, in its then existing condition.
30 PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO DEMOLITION
30.1 On every demolition job, danger signs shall be
conspicuously posted all around the structure and all
doors and openings giving access to the structure shall
be kept barricaded or manned except during the actual
passage of workmen or equipment. However,
provisions shall be made for at least two independent
exits for escape of workmen during any emergency.
30.2 During nights, red lights shall be placed on or
about all the barricades.
30.3 Where in any work of demolition it is imperative,
because of danger existing, to ensure that no
unauthorized person shall enter the site of demolition
outside hours; a watchman should be employed. In
addition to watching the site he shall also be responsible
for maintaining all notices, lights and barricades.
30.4 All the necessary safety appliances shall be issued
to the workers and their use explained. It shall be
ensured that the workers are using all the safety
appliances while at work.
30.5 The power on all electrical service lines shall be
shut off and all such lines cut or disconnected at or
outside the property line, before the demolition work
is started. Prior to cutting of such lines, the necessary
approval shall be obtained from the electrical
authorities concerned. The only exception will be any
power lines required for demolition work itself.
30.6 All gas, water steam and other service lines shall be
shut off and capped or otherwise controlled at or outside
the building line, before demolition work is started.
30.7 All the mains and meters of the building shall be
removed or protected from damage.
30.8 If a structure to be demolished has been partially
wrecked by fire, explosion or other catastrophe, the
walls and damaged roofs shall be shored or braced
suitably.
30.9 Protection of the Public
30.9.1 Safety distances to ensure safety of the public
shall be clearly marked and prominently sign posted.
Every sidewalk or road adjacent to the work shall be
closed or protected. All main roads, which are open to
the shall be kept open to the public clear and
unobstructed at all times. Diversions for pedestrians
shall be constructed, where necessary for safety.
30.9.2 If the structure to be demolished is more than
two storeyed or 7.5 m high, measured from the side
walk or street which can not be closed or safely
diverted, and the horizontal distance from the inside
of the sidewalk to the structure is 4.5 m or less, a
substantial sidewalk shed shall be constructed over the
entire length of the sidewalk adjacent to the structure,
of sufficient width with a view to accommodating the
pedestrian traffic without causing congestion. The side
walk shed shall be lighted sufficiently to ensure safety
at all times. For detailed information reference may be
made to good practice [7(37)].
A toe board of at least 1 m high above the roof of the
shed shall be provided on the outside edge and ends of
the sidewalk shed. Such boards may be vertical or
inclined outward at not more than 45°.
Except where the roof of a sidewalk shed solidly abuts
the structure, the face of the sidewalk shed towards
the building shall be completely closed by providing
sheating/planking to prevent falling material from
penetrating into the shed.
The roof of sidewalk sheds shall be capable of sustaining
a load of 73 N/mm^. Only in exceptional cases, say due
to lack of other space, the storing of material on a
sidewalk shed may be permitted in which case the shed
shall be designed for a load of 146 N/mm^. Roof of
sidewalk shed shall be designed taking into account the
impact of the falling debris. By frequent removal of loads
it shall be ensured that the maximum load, at any time,
on the roof of work shed is not more than 6 000 N/mm-^.
The height of sidewalk shed shall be such as to give a
minimum clearance of 2.4 m.
Sidewalk shed opening, for loading purposes, shall be
kept closed at all time except during actual loading
operations.
The deck flooring of the sidewalk shed shall consist
of plank of not less than 50 mm in thickness closely
laid and deck made watertight. All members of the shed
shall be adequately bracked and connected to resist
displacement of members or distortion of framework.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
49
30.9.3 When the horizontal distance from the inside
of the sidewalk to the structure is more than 4.5 m
and less than 7.5 m, a sidewalk shed or fence a
substantial railing shall be constructed on the inside
of the sidewalk or roadway along the entire length of
the demolition side of the property with movable bars
as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of
the work.
31 PRECAUTIONS DURING DEMOLITION
31.1 Prior to commencement of work, all material of
fragile nature like glass shall be removed.
31.2 All openings shall be boarded up.
31.3 Dust shall be controlled by suitable means to
prevent harm to workmen.
31.4 Stacking of materials or debris shall be within
safe limits of the structural member. Additional
supports, where necessary, shall be given.
31.5 Adequate natural or artificial lighting and
ventilation shall be provided for the workmen.
32 SEQUENCE OF DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
32.1 The demolition work shall be proceeded with in
such a way that:
a) it causes the least damage and nuisance to the
adjoining building and the members of the
public, and
b) it satisfies all safety requirements to avoid any
accidents.
32.2 All existing fixtures required during demolition
operations shall be well protected with substantial
covering to the entire satisfaction of the rules and
regulations of the undertakings or they shall be
temporarily relocated.
32.3 Before demolition work is started, glazed sash,
glazed doors and windows, etc, shall be removed. All
fragile and loose fixtures shall be removed. The lath
and all loose plaster shall be stripped off throughout
the entire building. This is advantageous because it
reduces glass breakage and also eliminates a large
amount of dust producing material before more
substantial parts of the buildings are removed.
32.4 All well openings which extend down to floor
level shall be barricaded to a height of not less than
1 m above the floor level. This provision shall not apply
to the ground level floor.
32.5 All floor openings and shafts not used for material
chutes shall be floored over and be enclosed with guard
rails and toe boards.
systematically storey by storey. In the descending
order. All work in the upper floor shall be completed
and approved by the engineer-in-charge prior to
disturbance to any supporting member on the lower
floor. Demolition of the structure in sections may be
permitted in exceptional cases if proper precautions
are ensured to prevent injuries to persons and damage
to property.
33 WALLS
33.1 While walls of sections of masonry are being
demolished, it shall be ensured that they are not allowed
to fall as single mass upon the floors of the building
that are being demolished so as to exceed the safe
carrying capacity of the floors. Overloading of floors
shall be prevented by removing the accumulating
debris through chutes or by other means immediately.
The floor shall be inspected by the engineer-in-charge
before undertaking demolition work and if the same is
found to be incapable to carry the load of the debris,
necessary additional precautions shall be taken so as
to prevent any possible unexpected collapse of the
floor.
33.2 Walls shall be removed part by part. Stages shall
be provided for the men to work on if the walls are
less than one and a half brick thick and dangerous to
work by standing over them.
33.3 Adequate lateral bracing shall be provided for
walls which are unsound. For detailed information
reference may be made to good practice [7(37)].
34 FLOORING
34.1 Prior to removal of masonry or concrete floor
adequate support centering shall be provided.
34.2 When floors are being removed, no workmen
shall be allowed to work in the area, directly underneath
and such area shall be barricaded to prevent access to
it.
34.3 Planks of sufficient strength shall be provided to
give workmen firm support to guard against any
unexpected floor collapse.
34.4 When floors are being removed no person shall
be allowed to work in an area directly underneath and
access to such area shall be barricaded.
35 DEMOLITION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
35.1 When a derrick is used, care shall be taken to see
that the floor on which it is supported is amply strong
for the loading so imposed. If necessary heavy planking
shall be used to distribute the load to floor beam and
girders.
32.6 The demolition shall always proceed 35.2 Overloading of equipment shall not be allowed.
50
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
35.3 Tag lines shall be used on all materials being
lowered or hoisted up and a standard signal system
shall be used and the workmen instructed on the
signals.
35.4 No person shall be permitted to ride the load line.
35.5 No beams shall be cut until precautions have been
taken to prevent it from swinging freely and possibly
striking any worker or equipment to any part of the
structure being demolished.
35.6 All structural steel members shall be lowered
from the building and shall not be allowed to drop.
36 CATCH PLATFORM
36.1 In demolition of exterior walls of multistorey
structures, catch platform of sufficient strength to
prevent injuries to workers below and public shall be
provided, when the external walls are more than 20 m
in height.
36.2 Such catch platform shall be constructed and
maintained not more than 3 storeys below the storey
from which exterior wall is being demolished.
When demolition has progressed to within 3 storeys
of ground level, catch platform will not be considered
necessary.
36.3 Catch platform shall be capable of sustaining a
live load of not less than 6 100 N/m^.
36.4 Materials shall not be dumped on the catch
platform nor shall they be used for storage of materials.
37 STAIRS, PASSAGEWAYS AND LADDERS
37.1 Stairs with railings, passageways and ladders
shall be left in place as long as possible and maintained
in a safe condition.
37.2 All ladders shall be secured against, slipping out
at the bottom and against movement in any direction
at the top.
38 MECHANICAL DEMOLITION
When demolition is to be performed by mechanical
devices, such as weight ball and power shovels, the
following additional precautions may be observed:
a) The area shall be barricaded for a minimum
distance of IV2 times the height of the wall,
b) While the mechanical device is in operation,
no workmen shall be allowed to enter the
building being demolished,
c) The device shall be so located as to avoid
falling debris, and
d) The mechanical device when being used shall
not cause any damage to adjacent structure,
power line, etc.
39 DEMOLITION OF CERTAIN SPECIAL
TYPES AND ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURES
39.1 Roof Trusses
If a building has a pitched roof, the structure should
be removed to wall plate level by hand methods.
Sufficient purlins and bracing should be retained to
ensure stability of the remaining roof trusses while each
individual truss is removed progressively.
39.1.1 Temporary bracking should be added, where
necessary, to maintain stability. The end frame opposite
to the end where dismantling is commenced, or
a convenient intermediate frame should be
independently and securely guyed in both directions
before work starts.
39.1.2 On no account should the bottom tie of roof
trusses be cut until the principal rafters are prevented
from making out ward movement.
39.1.3 Adequate hoisting gears suitable for the loads
shall be provided. If during demolition any thing is to
be put on the floor below the level of the truss, it shall
be ensured that the floor is capable of taking the load.
39.2 Heavy Floor Beams
Heavy baulks of timber and steel beams should be
supported before cutting at the extremities and should
then be lowered gently to a safe working place.
39.3 Jack Arches
Where tie rods are present between main supporting
beams, these should not be cut until after the arch or
series of arches in the floor have been removed. The
floor should be demolished in strips parallel to the span
of the arch rings (at right angles to the main floor
beams).
39.4 Brick Arches
Expert advice should be obtained and, at all stages of
the demolition, the closet supervision should be given
by persons fully experienced and conversant in the type
of work to ensure that the structure is stable at all times.
However, the following points may be kept in view.
39.4.1 On no account should the restraining influence
of the abutments be removed before the dead load of
the spandrel fill and the arch rings are removed.
39.4.2 A single span arch can be demolished by hand
by cutting narrow segments progressively from each
springing parallel to the span of the arch, until the width
of the arch has been reduced to a minimum which can
then be collapsed.
39.4.3 Where deliberate collapse is feasible, the crown
may be broken by the demolition ball method working
progressively from edges to the centre.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
51
39.4.4 Collapse of the structure can be effected in one
action by the use of explosives. Charges should be
inserted into bore holes drilled in both arch and
abutments.
39.4.5 In multi-span arches, before individual arches
are removed, lateral restraint should be provided at the
springing level. Demolition may then proceed as for
single span; where explosives are used it is preferable
to ensure the collapse of the whole structure in one
operation to obviate the chance of leaving unstable
portion standing.
39.5 Cantilever (Not Part of a Framed Structure)
Canopies, cornices, staircases and balconies should be
demolished or supported before tailing down load is
removed.
39.6 In-situ Reinforced Concrete
Before commencing demolition, the nature and
condition of the concrete, the condition and position
of reinforcement, and the possibility of lack of
continuity of reinforcement should be ascertained.
Demolition should be commenced by removing
partitions and external non-load bearing cladding.
39.6.1 Reinforced Concrete Beams
A supporting rope should be attached to the beam.
Then the concrete should be removed from both ends
by pneumatic drill and the reinforcement exposed.
The reinforcement should then be cut in such a way
as to allow the beam to be lowered under control to
the floor.
39.6.2 Reinforced Concrete Columns
The reinforcement should be exposed at the base after
restraining wire guy ropes have been placed round the
member at the top. The reinforcement should then be
out in such a way as to allow it to be pulled down to
the floor under control.
39.6.3 Reinforced Concrete Walls
These should be cut into strips and demolished as for
columns.
39.6.4 Suspended Floors and Roofs
The slab should be cut into strips parallel to the main
reinforcement and demolished strip by strip. Where
ribbed construction has been used, the principle of
design and method of construction should be
determined before demolition is commenced. Care
should be taken not to cut the ribs inadvertently.
39.7 Precast Reinforced Concrete
Due precautions shall be taken to avoid toppling over
of prefabricated units or any other part of the structure
and whenever necessary temporary supports shall be
provided.
39.8 Prestressed Reinforced Concrete
Before commencing of the demolition work, advice
of an engineering expert in such demolition shall be
obtained and followed.
40 LOWERING, REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL
OF MATERIALS
40.1 Dismantled materials may be thrown to the
ground only after taking adequate precautions. The
material shall preferably be dumped inside the building.
Normally such materials shall be lowered to the ground
or to the top of the sidewalk shed where provided by
means of ropes or suitable tackles.
40.2 Through Chutes
40.2.1 Wooden or metal chutes may be provided from
removal of materials. The chutes shall preferably be
provided at the centre of the building for efficient
disposal of debris.
40.2.2 Chutes, if provided at an angle of more than
45° from the horizontal, shall be entirely enclosed on
all the four sides, except for opening at or about the
floor level for receiving the materials.
40.2.3 To prevent the descending material attaining a
dangerous speed, chute shall not extend in an unbroken
line for more than two storeys. A gate or stop shall be
provided with suitable means for closing at the bottom
of each chute to stop the flow of materials.
40.2.4 Any opening into which workmen dump debris
at the top of chute shall be guarded by a substantial
guard rail extending at least 1 m above the level of the
floor or other surface on which men stand to dump the
materials into the chute.
40.2.5 A toe board or bumper, not less than 50 mm
thick and 150 mm high shall be provided at each chute
openings, if the material is dumped from the wheel
barrows. Any space between the chute and the edge of
the opening in the floor through which it passes shall
be solidly planked over.
40.3 Through Holes in the Floors
40.3.1 Debris may also be dropped through holes in
the floor without the use of chutes. In such a case the
total area of the hole cut in any intermediate floor, one
which lies between floor that is being demolished and
the storage floor shall not exceed 25 percent of such
floor area. It shall be ensured that the storage floor is
of adequate strength to withstand the impact of the
falling material.
40.3.2 All intermediate floor openings for passage of
52
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
materials shall be completely enclosed with barricades
or guard rails not less than 1 m high and at a distance
of not less than 1 m from the edge of general opening.
No barricades or guard rails shall be removed until
the storey immediately above has been demolished
down to the floor line and all debris cleared from the
floor.
40.3.3 When the cutting of a hole in an intermediate
floor between the storage floor and the floor which is
being demolished makes the intermediate floor or any
portion of it unsafe, then such intermediate floor shall
be properly shored. It shall also be ensured that the
supporting walls are not kept without adequate lateral
restraints.
40.4 Removal of Materials
40.4.1 As demolition work proceeds, the released
serviceable materials of different types shall be
separated from the unserviceable lot (hereinafter called
'MALBA') at suitable time intervals and properly
stocked clear of the spots where demolition work is
being done.
40.4.2 The MALBA obtained during demolition shall
be collected in well-formed heaps at properly selected
places, keeping in view safe conditions for workmen
in the area. The height of each MALBA heap shall be
limited to ensure its toppling over or otherwise
endangering the safety of workmen or passersby.
40.4.3 The MALBA shall be removed from the
demolition site to a location as required by the local
civil authority. Depending on the space available at the
demolition site, this operation of conveying MALBA to
its final disposal location may have to be carried out a
number of times during the demolition work. In any
case, the demolition work shall not be considered as
completed and the area declared fit for further occupation
till all the MALBA has been carried to its final disposal
location and the demolition areas tidied up.
40.4.4 Materials which are likely to cause dust
nuisance or undue environmental pollution in any other
way, shall be removed from the site at the earliest and
till then they shall be suitable covered. Such materials
shall be covered during transportation also.
40.4.5 a) Glass and steel should be dumped or
buried separately to prevent injury.
b) Workman should be provided with
suitable protective gears for personal
safety during works, lie safety helmets,
boots, hand gloves, goggles, special
attire, etc.
c) The work of removal of debris should be
carried out during day. In case of poor
visibility artificial light may be provided.
d) The debris should first be removed from
top. Early removal from bottom or sides
of dump may cause collapse of debris,
causing injuries.
41 MISCELLANEOUS
41.1 No demolition work should be carried out during
night as far as possible, especially when the structure
to be demolished is in an inhabited area. If such night
work has to be done, additional precautions by way of
additional red warning signals, working lights and
watchmen, shall be provided to avoid any injury to
workmen and public. Demolition work shall not be
carried out during storm and heavy rain.
41.2 Warning devices shall be installed in the area to
warn the workers in case of any danger.
41.3 Safety devices like industrial safety helmets
conforming to the accepted standards [7(9)] and
goggles made of celluloid lens, shall be issued to the
workmen. Foreman-in-charge of the work areas shall
ensure that all the workmen are wearing the safety
devices before commencing any work.
41.4 Construction sheds and tool boxes shall be so
located as to protect workers from injuries from the
falling debris.
41.5 Where there is a likelihood of injuries to hands
of workmen when demolishing RCC, steel structures,
etc, gloves of suitable materials shall be worn by
workmen.
41.6 Sufficient protection by way of both overhead
cover and screens shall be provided to prevent injuries
to the workmen and the public.
41.7 Safety belts or ropes shall be used by workmen
when working at higher levels.
41.8 Grading of Plot
When a building has been demolished and no building
operation has been projected or approved, the vacant
plot shall be filled, graded and maintained in
conformity to the established street grades at curb level.
The plot shall be maintained free from the
accumulation of rubbish and all other unsafe and
hazardous conditions which endangers the life or health
of the public; and provisions shall be made to
prevent the accumulation of water or damage to any
foundations on the premises or the adjoining property.
42 FIRST-AID
42.1 A copy of all pertinent regulations and notices
concerning accidents, injury and first-aid shall be
prominently exhibited at the work site.
42.2 Depending on the scope and nature of the work.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
53
a person, qualified in first-aid shall be available at work telephone may be provided to first-aid assistant with
site to render and direct first-aid to casualties. He shall
maintain a list of individuals qualified to serve in first-
aid work. Enough first-aid kit, including a stretcher
and cot with accessories shall be provided at site. A
telephone numbers of the hospitals prominently
displayed.
Complete reports of all accidents and action taken
thereon shall be forwarded to the competent authorities.
ANNEX A
(Clause 2.1.2)
PROGRAMME EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE, AND
CRITICAL PATH METHOD
A-0 INTRODUCTION
A-0.1 Programme Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are modern
management tools or devices, which have made it
possible to achieve considerable savings in cost and
time of construction. They can be used with advantage
for demolition, constructional safety and fire protection
measures, by including them in the list of activities
(also called events) along-side with other 'events' of
the project.
A-0.2 Advance Planning
A-0.2.1 PERT and CPM enable us to achieve judicious
employment and utilization of resources, such as
labour, materials, and equipment by pre-determining
the various stages, listing out the various activities and
drawing out 'Arrow Network Diagram' .
A-0.3 Synchronization of Sub-Projects
A-0.3.1 Another extremely important advantage of
CPM is that various factors influencing completion of
a project can be scientifically planned to be coordinated
such that the completion of various sub-projects and
services, such as furniture, sewage, electricity and
water supply synchronises.
A-1 PREPARATION OF CPM CHART (LISTING
OUT THE ACTIVITIES)
A-1.1 The most important step in preparation of CPM
network is to list out the activities involved to the
minutest details. For example, a few activities in case
of a building project are given below:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Planning and designing of building by
architect, engineer and approval of plans by
the Authority.
Making the land available.
Outlining detailed specifications.
Procurement of materials, such as sand.
cement, stone and timber; and plants, such as
concrete mixer, vibrators, water pump for
curing.
e) Soil explorations and trial pits.
f) Excavation in foundations, including
demolition, if needed.
g)" Construction safety aspects specially in case
of pile foundations.
h)" Blasting if required (for deep foundations).
j)" Fire protection measures.
A-1.2 Time Needed for Each Activity
An assessment is to be made to find out the time needed
for each activity and then to list out those activities,
which can be executed concurrently (or simultaneously)
with each other. For example, while designing of the
building is in hand, correspondence for land purchase
can also go on side by side; or while work in
foundations is in progress, order for 'joinery' can be
placed.
A-1.3 Critical Activity
It should then be seen as to which of the activities are
critical, that is which items are such that a single day's
delay will mean overall delay on the project. Contrary
to this, it will be seen from CPM Network that certain
activities can be delayed to a certain extent without
delaying the completion of the project. This is a very
useful and valuable information for the 'Project
Manager' . That is where resources scheduling becomes
easier and economical and a time saver. It eliminates
chances of idle labour and higher expenses which are
results of haphazard planning.
A-2 UPDATING
A-2.1 In implementing the CPM, there could be gaps
between the planned CPM and actual progress
" These can be further sub-divided and number of activities
increased.
54
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
or position on ground. Tiiis should be cliecked
periodically-weekly, fortnightly or monthly depending
on nature and size of project.
A-3 GENERAL
A-3.1 In case of projects being executed by contractors
for the owners, or departments, it is recommended that
it should be an essential condition of the contract to
submit a CPM Chart along with the quoted tenders.
This will ensure that the construction work will be
according to a systematic, engineer-like and well-knit
plan of execution.
ANNEX B
(Clause 4.1)
CHECK LIST FOR STACKING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS
SI
No.
(1)
Material/Component
(2)
Base
Stack
Type of Cover
Firm Hard Off- Heaps Tiers Flat Vertical Open Open Under
Level pioor Floor but shed
Ground covered
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
1.
Cement
2.
Lime
a) Quick lime
b) Hydratedlime
3.
Stones and Aggregates
a) Stones, aggregates, fly ash
^
and cinder
b) Veneering stones
•
4.
Bricks and Blocks
•
5.
Tiles
a) Clay and concrete floor.
^
wall and roof tiles
b) Ceramic tiles
Partially Pre-fabricated Wall
and Roof Components
a) RC planks, prefabricated
brick panels and ferro-
cement panels
b) Channel units, cored units
and L-Panels
c) Waffle units, RC joists,
single tee and double tee
Timber
Steel
^
y
^
•
•/
^
V
9. Aluminium Sections
^
10. Doors, Windows and
v^
Ventilators
11. Roofing Sheets
a) AC
v"
b) GI and Aluminium sheets
v^
c) Plastic sheets
•
^ y
y V
^
•
^
y^
y
y
y
•
^
V
y
y
•
V
•/
y
•
•
y
-/
y
y
y
y
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
55
ANNEX B — Continued
(1)
(2)
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
12.
Boards like Plywood,
Particle Boards, Fibre
Boards, Blockboards and
Gypsum Board
13.
Plastic and Rubber Flooring
a) Sheets in rolls
,/
b) Tiles
•
14.
Glass Sheets
^
15.
Glass Bricks/Blocks
^
16.
CI, GI and AC Pipes and
Fittings
a) Pipes
-/
b) CI and GI Fittings
•
c) AC Fittings
V
17.
Polyethylene Pipes
18.
Unplasticized PVC Pipes
V
19.
Bitumen, Road Tar,
Asphalt, etc in Drums
V
20.
Oil Paints
-/
21.
Sanitary Appliances
^
•
•
•/ ^
^ ^
•/
^
^
^
-/
V
•/
■/
•/
^
V
■/
•/
■/
■/
•/
V
•
V
•
v<
^
■/
ANNEX C
(Clause 26.3.2.2.2)
COMMON CAUSES FOR MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS
C-0 MAJOR CAUSES FOR MAINTENANCE
PROBLEMS
C-1 FLOORS
a) Poor quality of construction which includes
quality of construction material and
workmanship.
Improper slopes, mainly in kitchen, bathrooms/
toilets etc.
b)
c)
d)
e)
Lack of rounding at junctions of walls with
floors.
Lack of dampproof course treatment in walls
and particularly in sunken floors.
Poor design of building.
C-2 ROOFS
a) Inadequate roof slopes.
b) Inferior quality of construction.
c) Cracks on roof surfaces.
d) Inadequate provision of rain water spouts.
e) Blockages in gratings/rain water pipes.
f) Worn out felts.
g) Bubbling up of tarfelt and separation of
joints.
h) Leakage from the openings provided on the
roof.
C-3 PLUMBING
a) Inadequate slopes in soil/waste pipes.
b) Improper lead joints.
c) Joints in walls.
d) Improper junctions of stacks.
e) Inadequate cleaning eyes at junctions.
f) Inadequate slopes in sewage pipes.
g) Throwing of solid wastes in WC's.
h) Lack of periodical checking and cleaning,
j) Lack of motivation/education to users for
proper use.
k) Overflow from service tanks,
m) Inferior quality of fittings and fixtures,
n) Inadequate design.
56
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
C-4 DRAINAGE
a) Improper surface dressing around buildings
and improper upkeep of surroundings.
b) Growth of wild grass and vegetation.
c) Inadequate drainage system around the
building.
d) Inadequate slope of the drains or drainage
pipes.
e) Inadequate number of inspection chambers.
f) Theft of manhole covers etc.
g) Throwing of solid waste in the open surface
drains.
C-5 ELECTRICAL
a) Loose connections.
b) Improper earthing and earth connections.
c) Damages to wires, cables and other
installations.
d) Under rated cables/wires and other
installations.
ANNEX D
{Clause 26.6.5)
FORMAT FOR INSPECTION REPORT
Date :
Building/Block :
Condition
Sound
Suspect
Defective
FLOORS & STAIRCASES
Ground Floor
Finish
Skirting
Structure
Damp-proofing
Ceiling
Under floors, spaces, (Suspended floors)
Termites/insects
Upper Floors
Finish
Structure
Ceiling
Suspended ceihng
Stair cases
Structure
Treads
Finishes
Balustrade
Soffits
Finish
ROOFING
Flat/Pitched
Finish
Insulation
Structure
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
57
ANNEX D — Continued
Condition
Sound
Suspect
Defective
Roof lights/glazing
Parapets
Cutters
Rain Water Pipes
Mud Phuska
Roof interiors (Pitched)
Growth of vegetation
SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
Plumbing
Fittings/Pipings, WC's
Taps
Sinks
Basins
Urinals
Cisterns
Geysers
Sewage Disposal
Soil pipes
Manholes
Sewerlines
Drainage
Gully chambers
Sewers
Surface drains
Inspection chambers
Structural movement
Failure of material
Design or construction defects
Overhead Tanks/Underground
Sumps/Terrace Tanks
Septic Tanks
Remarks
ANNEX E
{Clause 26.7.3.2)
GUIDELINES FOR MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
E-I In case of electrical appliances, manufacturer's
instructions for the usage and maintenance of the
equipment should be strictly followed.
E-2 The detailed/working drawings of all the
components of electrical installations should always
be available with the maintenance unit. Following
records should be available.
a) Manufacturer's name
b) Nameplate of the equipment and its salient
features such as capacity, rating etc.
58
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
c) Manufacturer's recommendations regarding
availability/usage of spare parts.
d) Manufacturer's recommendations for
periodical maintenance and post fault
maintenance.
e) Details of the maintenance operations
performed in the past.
E-3 Care should be taken while selecting replacement
parts. The spare parts should be correct and suitable,
preferably as recommended by the manufacturer of the
installation. During the placement of order for the
supply of spare parts, nameplate particulars and serial
number should be quoted.
E-4 The space where the equipment is kept should be
clean and properly ventilated. Equipment should not
be disturbed needlessly. Before cleaning, the
equipment should be made dead. For internal cleaning
a section cleaner should be used.
E-5 Covers and doors should not be left open
unnecessarily during maintenance. Afterwards they
should be promptly and correctly closed and locked.
E-6 Before removing the covers and connections, all
covers and cable terminations should be marked to
ensure correct replacements. Disturbed connections
and temporary connections should be marked to
facilitate re-connection. Temporary connections and
markings should be removed before the installation is
put to use.
E-7 Those connections which have not been disturbed
should also be checked for soundness and overheating.
E-8 All insulations should be regularly checked. Solid
insulations should be checked for cracks and other
defects. Fibrous and organic insulations should be
checked for sign of blistering, delamination and
mechanical damage. For insulating oils the interval
between tests should be carried out as per the
recommendations of the manufacturer and keeping the
adverse environmental conditions in mind.
E-9 It should be ensured that the earthing connections
are sound and all contact screws are tight.
E-10 During the examination of interlocks it is
necessary to take precautions to prevent danger to plant
or persons in the event of malfunction or inadvertent
operation. A person responsible for checking and
maintaining any interlock system should have thorough
knowledge of the extent, nature and function of the
interlock.
E-11 If the equipment is ventilated then it should be
ensured that the airflow is smooth and not restricted.
If filters are provided, they should be cleaned or
replaced as necessary.
E-12 The standby system for tripping and closing
supplies should always be kept in good order.
Indicators and alarms should be maintained in time
with the manufacturer's instructions.
E-13 Tools, spares and instruments should be stored
near to the installation. These should be regularly
checked against an inventory.
E-14 Before the start of maintenance of the circuit
switches it should be ensured that all incoming and
outgoing main auxiliary circuits are dead and remain
so during the maintenance. Over heating of the circuit
switches is the root cause for faults. Overheating may
be caused by inadequate ventilation, overloading,
loose connection, insufficient contact force and
malalignment.
E-15 Some circuit breakers are not intended to be
maintained, such as miniature circuit breakers (MCBs).
Such items should not be dismantled for maintenance.
These should be renewed periodically.
E-16 For the maintenance of fuses periodical
inspection should be done for correct rating, security,
overheating and correct location/orientation. Element
of renewable fuses should be renewed when the
deterioration is apparent. The availability and correct
replacement of fuse links should be ensured.
E-17 If a fuse link of certain rating has failed and is
replaced, then all fuse-links of same rating apparently
subjected to the fault should be destroyed and replaced
by new fuse links.
E-18 In order to be reasonably sure that circuit breaker
is capable of operation when required, these should be
tripped and reclosed at regular intervals. Tripping
should be proved manually and where possible
electrically via the protective relay contacts. The
leakage of oil, sign of corrosion, and any unusual smell
which may indicate over-heating should be detected
through inspections.
E-19 Timing devices are mostly designed for specialist
maintenance. These should not be dismantled for
maintenance or overhaul purposes unless specifically
recommended by the manufacturers'. Actual timing
periods should be verified with set values and
application requirements.
E-20 In case of cable boxes and terminations, security
of mounting and earthing should be examined. Exposed
tails should be inspected for good conditions of
insulation and freedom from moisture.
E-21 Battery cells should be inspected for shedding
of active material, sedimentation and buckling of
plates. Level of electrolyte should be regularly checked
and the level should be corrected with distilled water.
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
59
LIST OF STANDARDS
The following list records those standards which are
acceptable as 'good practice' and 'accepted standards'
in the fulfillment of the requirements of the Code. The
latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time
of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may
be used by the Authority as a guide in conformance
with the requirements of the referred clauses in the
Code.
IS No.
(1) a) Foundations
1080 : 1985
1904 : 1986
2911
(Part 1/Sec 1) : 1979
(Part 1/Sec 2) : 1979
(Part 1/Sec 3) : 1979
(Part 1/Sec 4) : 1984
(Part 2): 1980
(Part 3) : 1980
(Part 4): 1985
2974
(Part 1) : 1982
(Part 2): 1980
Title
Code of practice for design
and construction of shallow
foundations on soils (other
than raft, ring and shell)
{second revision)
Code of practice for design
and construction of
foundations in soils:
General requirements
{third revision)
Code of practice for design
and construction of pile
foundations
Concrete piles, Section 1
Driven cast in-situ concrete
piles {first revision)
Concrete piles. Section 2
Board cast in-situ piles
{first revision)
Concrete piles. Section 3
Driven precast concrete
piles {first revision)
Concrete piles, Section 4
Bored precast concrete
piles {first revision)
Timber piles {first revision)
Under-reamed piles {first
revision)
Load test on piles {first
revision)
Code of practice for design
and construction of machine
foundations
Foundations for recipro-
cating type machines
{second revision)
Foundations for impact
type machines (hammer
foundations) {first revision)
IS No.
(Part 3) : 1992
(Part 4): 1979
(Part 5): 1987
9456 : 1980
9556 : 1980
13094 : 1992
15284
(Part 1) : 2003
b) Masonry
1597
(Part 1) : 1992
(Part 2): 1992
2110: 1980
2212: 1991
2250 : 1981
2572 : 1963
Title
Foundations for rotary type
machines (medium and
high frequency) {second
revision)
Foundations for rotary type
machines of low frequency
{first revision)
Foundations for impact
machines other than
hammers forging and
stamping press pig breakers
(drop crusher and jolter)
{first revision)
Code of practice for design
and construction of conical
and hyperbolic paraboidal
types of shell foundations
Code of practice for design
and construction of
diaphragm walls
Guidelines for selection of
ground improvement
techniques for foundation
in weak soils
Design and construction
for ground improvement:
Part 1 Stone columns
Code of practice for
construction of stone
masonry
Rubble stone masonry {first
revision)
Ashlar masonry {first
revision)
Code of practice for in-situ
construction of walls in
buildings with soil-cement
{first revision)
Code of practice for
brickwork {first revision)
Code of practice for
preparation and use of
masonry mortars {first
revision)
Code of practice for
construction of hollow
concrete block masonry
60
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
IS No. Title
3630 : 1992 Code of practice for
construction of non-load
bearing gypsum block
partitions (first revision)
4407 : 1967 Code of practice for reed
walling
4441 : 1980 Code of practice for use of
silicate type chemical
resistant mortars {first
revision)
4442 : 1980 Code of practice for use of
sulphur type chemical
resistant mortars (first
revision)
4443 : 1980 Code of practice for use of
resin type chemical
resistant mortars (first
revision)
6041 : 1985 Code of practice for
construction of autoclaved
cellular concrete block
masonry (first revision)
6042 : 1969 Code of practice for
construction of light weight
concrete block masonry
(first revision)
c) Timber and Bamboo
1634: 1992 Code of practice for design
and constructions of wood
stair for houses (second
revision)
2366 : 1983 Code of practice for nail-
jointed timber construction
(first revision)
3670 : 1989 Code of practice for
construction of timber
floors (first revision)
4913 : 1968 Code of practice for
selection, installation and
maintenance of timber
doors and windows
4983 : 1984 Code of practice for design
and construction of nail
laminated timber beams
5390 : 1984 Code of practice for
construction of timber
ceilings (first revision)
11096: 1984 Code of practice for design
and construction of bolt-
jointed timber construction
IS No.
12506 : 1988
d) Concrete
456 : 2000
457 : 1957
2502 : 1963
2541 : 1991
3370
(Part 1) : 1965
(Part 2): 1965
(Part 3) : 1967
3558 : 1983
5817 : 1992
7246 : 1974
7861
(Part 1) : 1975
(Part 2): 1981
10262 : 1982
10359 : 1982
Title
Code of practice for
improved thatching of roof
with wrought and fire
retardant treatment
Code of practice for plain
and reinforced concrete
(fourth revision)
Code of practice for general
construction of plain and
reinforced concrete for
dams and other massive
structures
Code of practice for
bending and fixing of bars
for concrete reinforcement
Code of practice for
preparation and use of lime
concrete (second revision)
Code of practice for
concrete structures for the
storage of liquids
General requirements
Reinforced concrete
structures
Prestressed concrete
structures
Code of practice for use of
immersion vibrators for
consolidating concrete
(first revisioti)
Code of practice for
preparation and use of lime
pozzolana mixture concrete
in buildings and roads {first
revision)
Recommendations for use
of table vibrators for
consolidating concrete
Code of practice for
extreme whether concreting
Recommended practice for
hot weather concreting
Recommended practice for
cold weather concreting
Recommended guidelines
for concrete mix design
Code of practice for
manufacture and use of
lime pozzolana concrete
blocks for paving
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
61
IS No.
14687 : 1999
e) Steel
800 : 1984
Title
Guidelines for falsework
for concrete structures
Code of practice for general
steel construction (second
revision)
801:1975 Code of practice for use of
cold formed light gauge
steel structural members
in general building
construction (first revision)
805 : 1968 Code of practice for use
of steel in gravity water
tanks
806 : 1968 Code of practice for use
of steel tubes in general
building construction (first
revision)
4000 : 1992 Code of practice for high
strength bolts in steel
structures (first revision)
4180 : 1967 Code of practice for
corrosion protection of
light gauge steel sections
used in building
6533 Code of practice for design
and construction of steel
chimneys
(Part 1) ; 1989 Mechanical aspects (first
revision)
(Part 2) : 1989 Structural aspects (first
revision)
8629 Code of practice for
(Parts 1 to 3) : 1977 protection of iron and steel
structures from atmospheric
corrosion
9077 : 1979 Code of practice of
corrosion protection of
steel reinforcement in RB
and RCC construction
9172 : 1979 Recommended design
practice for corrosion
prevention of steel structures
f) Flooring and Roofing
658 : 1982 Code of practice for
magnesium oxychloride
composition floors (second
revision)
1196: 1978 Code of practice for laying
bitumen mastic flooring
(second revision)
IS No.
1197 : 1970
1198 : 1982
1443 : 1972
2118 : 1980
2119 : 1980
2204 : 1962
2571 : 1970
2700 : 1987
2792 : 1964
2858 : 1984
3007
(Part 1) : 1999
(Part 2): 1999
3670 : 1989
5119
(Part 1) : 1968
5318 : 1969
Title
Code of practice for laying
of rubber floors (first
revision)
Code of practice for laying,
fixing and maintenance of
linoleum floor (first
revision)
Code of practice for laying
and finishing of cement
concrete flooring tiles (first
revision)
Code of practice for
construction of jack-arch
type of building floor or
roof (first revision)
Code of practice for
construction of brick-cwm-
concrete composite (Madras
terrace) floor or roof (first
revision)
Code of practice for
construction of reinforced
concrete shell roof
Code of practice for laying
in-sitii cement concrete
flooring (first revision)
Code of practice for
roofing with wooden
shingles (first revision)
Code of practice for design
and construction of stone
slab over joist floor
Code of practice for
roofing with Mangalore
tiles (first revision)
Code of practice for laying
of asbestos cement sheets:
Corrugated sheets (first
revision)
Semi-corrugated sheets
(first revision)
Code of practice for
construction of timber
floors (first revision)
Code of practice for laying
and fixing of sloped roof
coverings: Part 1 Slating
Code of practice for laying
of flexible PVC sheet and
tile flooring
62
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
IS No.
Title
IS No.
5389 : 1969
Code of practice for laying
(Part 1) : 1971
of hard wood parquet and
(Part 2): 1971
wood block floors
IS 1609 : 1991
5390 : 1984
Code of practice for
construction of timber
ceilings (first revision)
5766 : 1970
Code of practice for laying
burnt clay brick flooring
1661 : 1972
6061
Code of practice for
construction of floor and
roof with joists and filler
2114: 1984
blocks
(Part 1) : 1971
With hollow concrete filler
blocks
2115 : 1980
(Part 2): 1981
With hollow clay filler
blocks (first revision)
(Part 3): 1981
Precast hollow clay blocks
joists and hollow clay filler
blocks
2338
(Part 4): 1981
With precast hollow clay
block slab panels
(Part 1) : 1967
(Part 2): 1967
6332 : 1984
Code of practice for
construction of floors and
2394 : 1984
roofs using precast doubly-
curved shell units (first
revision)
2395
9472 : 1980
Code of practice for laying
mosaic parquet flooring
10297 : 1982
Code of practice for design
and construction of floors
(Part 1) : 1994
and roofs using precast
(Part 2) : 1994
reinforced/pre stressed
2402 : 1963
concrete ribbed or cored
slab units
2441 : 1984
10440 : 1983
Code of practice for
construction of reinforced
brick and RBC floors and
roofs
2524
10505 : 1983
Code of practice for
construction of floors and
roofs using precast
(Part 1) : 1968
concrete waffle units
(Part 2) : 1968
g) Finishes
3036 : 1992
1346 : 1991
Code of practice for
waterproofing of roofs with
bitumen felts (third revision)
1414: 1989
Code of practice for fixing
wall coverings
3067 : 1988
1477
Code of practice for
painting of ferrous metals
in buildings
Title
Pretreatment (first revision)
Painting (first revision)
Code of practice for laying
damp-proofing treatment
using bitumen felts (second
revision)
Code of practice for
application of cement and
cement lime plaster finishes
(first revision)
Code of practice for laying
in- situ terrazzo floor finish
(first revision)
Code of practice for flat-
roof finish: Mud PHUSKA
(second revision)
Code of practice for
finishing of wood and
wood based materials
Operations and workmanship
Schedules
Code of practice for
application of lime plaster
finish (first revision)
Code of practice for
painting concrete, masonry
and plaster surfaces
Operations and workmanship
(first revision)
Schedule (first revision)
Code of practice for
external rendered finishes
Code of practice for fixing
ceiling covering (first
revision)
Code of practice for
painting of non-ferrous
metals in buildings:
Pre-treatment
Painting
Code of practice for laying
lime concrete for a water-
proofed roof finish (second
revision)
Code of practice for general
design details and
preparatory work for damp-
proofing and waterproofing
of buildings (first revision)
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
63
IS No.
Title
IS No.
3140
1965
Code of practice for
painting asbestos cement
building products
3114: 1994
3548
1988
Code of practice for glazing
in building (first revision)
4127 : 1983
4101
Code of practice for
external facing and
5329 : 1983
veneers:
(Part
1) : 1967
Stone facing
(Part
2) : 1967
Cement concrete facing
5822 : 1994
(Part
3) : 1985
wall tiling and mosaics
(first revision)
4365
1967
Code of practice for
application of bitumen
mastic for waterproofing of
roofs
6530 : 1972
4597
1968
Code of practice for
finishing of wood and
wood based products with
7634
nitrocellulose and cold
(Part 1) : 1975
catalysed materials
4631
1986
Code of practice for laying
of epoxy resin floor
(Part 2) : 1975
toppings (first revision)
(Part 3) : 2003
5491
1969
Code of practice for laying
6278
1971
in-situ granolithic concrete
floor topping
Code of practice for white-
washing and colour washing
j) Measurements
1200
6494
1988
Code of practice for water
proofing of underground
water reservoirs and
swimming pools {first
(Part 1) : 1992
(Part 2) : 1974
revision)
(Part 3) : 1976
7198
1974
Code of practice for damp-
proofing using bitumen
(Part 4)1976
mastic
(Part 5): 1982
7290
1979
Recommendations for use
of polyethylene film for
(Part 6) : 1974
9918
1981
waterproofing of roofs
(first revision)
Code of practice for in-situ
(Part 7): 1972
(Part 8) : 1993
waterproofing and damp-
proofing treatments with
(Part 9): 1973
glass fibre tissue reinforced
bitumen
(Part 10) : 1973
h) Piping
(Part 11): 1977
783:
1985
Code of practice for laying
of concrete pipes (first
(Part 12) : 1976
revision)
Title
Code of practice for laying
of cast iron pipes (second
revision)
Code of practice for laying
of glazed stoneware pipes
{first revision)
Code of practice for sanitary
pipe work above ground for
buildings (first revision)
Code of practice for laying
of welded steel pipes
for water supply (second
revision)
Code of practice for laying
of asbestos cement pressure
pipes
Code of practice for plastics
pipe work for portable
water supplies:
Choice of materials and
general recommendations
Laying and jointing
polyethylene (PE) pipes
Laying and jointing of
unplasticized PVC pipes
Method of measurement
of building and civil
engineering works:
Earthwork (fourth revision)
Concrete work (third
revision)
Brickwork (third revision)
Stone masonry (third
revision)
Formwork (third revision)
Refactory work (second
revision)
Hardware (second revision)
Steel work and iron work
(fourth revision)
Roof covering (including
cladding) (second revision)
Ceiling and linings (second
revision)
Paving, floor finishes dado
and skirting (third revision)
Plastering and pointing
(third revision)
64
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
IS No.
(Part 13) : 1994
(Part 14) : 1984
(Part 15) ; 1987
(Part 16) ; 1979
(Part 17) : 1985
(Part 18) : 1974
(Part 19) : 1981
(Part 20); 1981
(Part 21): 1973
(Part 23) : 1988
(Part 24) : 1983
3861 : 2002
k) Others
1081 : 1960
1649 : 1962
1946 : 1961
2470
(Part 1) : 1985
(Part 2): 1985
Title
White washing, colour
washing, distempering and
painting of building
surfaces (fifth revision)
Glazing {third revision)
Paining, polishing,
varnishing, etc {fourth
revision)
Laying of water and sewer
lines including appurtenant
items {third revision)
Roadwork including air
field pavements {third
revision)
Demolition and dismantling
{third revision)
Water supply, plumbing
and drains {third revision)
Laying of gas and oil pipe
lines {third revision)
Woodwork and joinery
{second revision)
Piling {fourth revision)
Well foundations {third
revision)
Method of measurement of
plinth, carpet and rentable
areas of buildings {second
revision)
Code of practice for fixing
and glazing of metal (steel
and aluminium) doors,
windows and ventilators
Code of practice for design
and construction of flues
and chimneys for domestic
heating appliances
Code of practice for use of
fixing devices in walls,
ceilings and floors of solid
construction
Code of practice for
installation of septic tanks:
Design criteria and
construction {second
revision)
Secondary treatment and
disposal of septic tank
effluent {second revision)
IS No.
2527 : 1984
3414 : 1968
3548 : 1988
3558 : 1983
3935 : 1966
4326 : 1993
4913 : 1968
6313
(Part 1) : 1981
(Part 2) : 2001
(Part 3) : 2001
6924 : 1973
7246 : 1974
8147 : 1976
(2) 13416
(Part 5) : 1994
(3) 11769
(Part 1) : 1987
Title
Code of practice for fixing
rain-water gutters and
down pipes for roof
drainage {first revision)
Code of practice for design
and installation of joints in
buildings
Code of practice for glazing
in buildings {first revision)
Code of practice for use of
immersion vibrators for
consolidating concrete
{first revision)
Code of practice for
composite construction
Code of practice for
earthquake resistant design
and construction of
buildings {second revision)
Code of practice for
selection, installation and
maintenance of timber
doors and windows
Code of practice for anti-
termite measures in
buildings:
Constructional measures
{first revision)
Pre-constructional chemical
treatment measures {second
revision)
Treatment for existing
buildings {second revision)
Code of practice for the
construction of refuse
chutes in multistoreyed
buildings
Recommendation for use
of table vibrators for
consolidating concrete
Code of practice for use of
aluminium alloys in
structures
Recommendations for
preventive measure against
hazards at workplaces:
Part 5 Fire protection
Guidelines for safe use of
products containing
asbestos: Part 1 Asbestos
cement products
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
65
IS No.
(4) 2190 : 1992
(5) 8758 : 1993
(6) 10439 : 1983
14687 : 1999
(7) 3764 : 1992
(8) 4138 : 1977
(9) 2925 ; 1984
(10) 2750 : 1964
(11) 3696
(Part 1) : 1987
(12) 3696
(Part 2): 1991
(13) 4912; 1978
(14) 11461 : 1985
(15) 1179: 1967
(16) 5983 : 1980
(17) 2361 : 2002
(18) 11057: 1984
(19) 3016: 1982
(20) 1084 : 1994
Title
Code of practice for
selection, installation and
maintenance of portable
first-aid fire extinguishers
(third revision)
Recommendations for fire
precautionary measures in
construction of temporary
structures and pandals (first
revision)
Code of practice patent
glazing
Guidelines for falsework
for concrete structures
Safety code for excavation
work (first revision)
Safety code for working
in compressed air (first
revision)
Specification for industrial
safety helmets (second
revision)
Specification for steel
scaffoldings
Safety code for scaffolds
and ladders: Part 1 Scaffolds
Safety code for scaffolds
and ladders: Part 2 Ladders
Safety requirements for
floors and wall openings,
railing and toe boards (first
revision)
Code of practice for
compressor safety
Specification for equipment
for eye and face protection
during welding (first
revision)
Specification for eye-
protectors (first revision)
Specification for bull-dog
grips (third revision)
Specification for industrial
safety nets
Code of practice for fire
precautions in welding and
cutting operations (first
revision)
Specification for manila
ropes (fourth revision)
IS No.
2266 : 2002
(21) 818: 1968
(22) 5916 : 1970
(23) 13416
(Part 4) : 1994
(24) 2171 : 1999
(25) 819 : 1957
1261 : 1959
3016 : 1982
4081 : 1986
4138 : 1977
9595 : 1996
10178 : 1995
(26) 3844 : 1989
5290 : 1993
Title
Specification for steel
wire ropes for general
engineering purposes (forth
revision)
Code of practice for safety
and health requirements in
electric and gas welding
and cutting operations (first
revision)
Safety code for
constructions involving use
of hot bituminous materials
Recommendations for
preventive measure against
hazards at workplaces:
Part 4 Timber structure
Specification for portable
fire extinguishers, dry
powder (Cartridge type)
(third revision)
Code of practice for
resistance spot welding for
light assemblies in mild
steel
Code of practice for seam
welding in mild steel
Code of practice for fire
precautions in welding and
cutting operations (first
revision)
Safety code for blasting and
related drilling operations
(first revision)
Safety code for working in
compressed gas (first
revision)
Recommendations for
metal arc welding of carbon
and carbon manganese
steels (first revision)
Recommended procedure
for CO^ gas shielded metal-
arc welding of structural
steels (first revision)
Code of practice for
installation and maintenance
of internal fire hydrants and
hose reels on premises (first
revision)
Specification for landing
valves (third revision)
66
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
IS No.
(27) 13416
(Part 2): 1992
(28) 13416
(Part 1) : 1992
(29) 13416
(Part 3) : 1994
(30) 274
(Part 1) : 1981
(Part 2): 1981
663 : 1980
704 : 1984
841 : 1983
844
(Part 2): 1979
(Part 3) : 1979
1630 : 1984
1759 : 1986
1791 : 1985
1930 : 1995
1931 : 2000
2028 : 2004
Title
Recommendation for
preventive measures
against hazards at work
places: Part 2 Fall prevention
Recommendation for
preventive measures
against hazards at work
places: Part 1 Falling
material hazard prevention
Recommendation for
preventive measures against
hazards at work places:
Part 3 Disposal of debris
Specification for shovels:
General purpose shovels
(third revision)
Heat-treated shovels (third
revision)
Specification for adzes
(second revision)
Specification for crow bars
and claw bars (second
revision)
Specification for steel
hammers (second revision)
Specification for screw
drivers:
Dimensions (second
revision)
Dimensions for screw
drivers for recessed head
screws (second revision)
Specification for mason's
tools for plaster work and
pointing work (first
revision)
Specification for
POWRAHS (second
revision)
Specification for batch type
concrete mixers (second
revision)
Specification for chisels
and gauges (second
revision)
Specification for engineer's
files (third revision)
Specification for open jaw
wrenches (spanners)
(fourth revision)
IS No.
2029 : 1998
2030 : 1989
2094
(Part 1) : 1996
(Part 2) : 1999
(Part 3) : 1999
2431 : 1963
2438 : 1963
2439 : 1963
2505 : 1992
2506 : 1985
2514: 1963
2587 : 1975
2588 : 1975
2722 : 1964
2852 : 1998
3066 : 1965
3251 : 1965
3365 : 1965
3559 : 1966
Title
Specification for ring
wrenches (spanners)
(fourth revision)
Specification for box
spanners (second revision)
Specification for heater for
bitumen (tar) and emulsion
(second revision):
Specification (second
revision)
Bitumen sprayer (third
revision)
Emulsion (third revision)
Specification for steel
wheel barrows (single
wheel-type)
Specification for roller pan
mixer
Specification for metal
hand rollers (fixed-weight
type)
Specification for concrete
vibrators, immersion type
(general requirements)
General requirements for
screed board concrete
vibrators (first revision)
Specification for concrete
vibrating tables
Specification for pipes
vices (open side type and
fixed sides type) (first
revision)
Specification for
blacksmith's vices (first
revision)
Specification for portable
swing weigh batchers for
concrete (single and double
bucket type)
Specification for carpenters
augers (first revision)
Specification for hot
asphalt mixing plants
Specification for asphalt
paver finisher
Specification for floor
polishing machines
Specification for pneumatic
concrete breakers
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
67
IS No.
3587 : 1986
3650 : 1981
3938 : 1983
4003
(Part 1) : 1978
(Part 2): 1986
4017 : 1992
4057 : 1986
4095 : 1991
4183 : 1967
4184 : 1967
4508 : 1992
4656 : 1968
4915 : 1968
5066 : 1969
5067 : 1969
5087 : 1969
5098 : 1969
5123: 1969
5169 : 1986
5200 : 1998
5658 : 1990
5663 : 1970
Title
Specification for rasps
{second revision)
Specification for
combination side cutting
pliers {second revision)
Specification for electric
wire rope hoists {second
revision)
Specification for pipe
wrenches
General purposes {first
revision)
Heavy duty {first revision)
Specification for carpenters
squares {first revision)
Specification for carpenters
adjustable metal bodied
bench planes (first revision)
Specification for pincers
{second revision)
Specification for metal
hand rammers
Specification for steel wheel
barrows (with two wheels)
Specification for open
ended slugging wrenches
(spanners) {first revision)
Specification for form
vibrators for concrete
Specification for welders
chipping hammer
Specification for glass
pliers
Specification for fencing
pliers
Specification for wire
stripping pliers
Specification for cross cut
and rip saws
Specification for tenon and
dovetail saws
Specification for hack-saw
frames {first revision)
Specification for bolt
clippers {first revision)
Specification for snipenose
pliers (first revision)
Specification for brick and
mason's chisels
IS No. Title
5684: 1970 Specification for pipe vices
(chain type)
5697 : 1970 Specification for ripping
chisels
5889 : 1994 Specification for vibratory
plate compactor {first
revision)
5890 : 1970 Specification for mobile
hot mix asphalt plants, light
duty
5891 : 1970 Specification for hand-
operated concrete mixer
5995 : 1971 Specification for pipe grip
pliers
6007 : 1971 Specification for pipe vices
(hinged type)
6078 : 1986 Specification for line man's
pliers {second revision)
6087 : 1971 Specification for metal
cutting shears
6118 : 1991 Specification for multiple
slip joint pliers (first
revision)
6149 : 1984 Specification for single
ended open jaw adjustable
wrenches {first revision)
6375 : 1991 Specification for wood
splitting wedges (first
revision)
6389 : 1998 Specification for
combination wrenches with
equal openings {second
revision)
6428 : 1972 Specification for pile frame
6430 : 1985 Specification for mobile
air compressor for
construction purposes {first
revision)
6433 : 1972 Specification for guniting
equipment
6546 : 1989 Specification for claw
hammers (first revision)
6836 : 1973 Specification for hand
snaps and set-ups for solid
rivets
6837 : 1973 Specification for three
wheel type pipe cutter
6841 : 1973 Specification for wrecking
bars
6861 : 1973 Specification for engineers'
scrapers
68
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
IS No.
Title
6881 :
1973
Specification for link type
pipe cutters
6891 :
1973
Specification for carpenter' s
auger bits
6892:
1973
Specification for
blacksmith's brick-iron
7041 :
1973
Specification for carpenter' s
plain brace
7042:
1973
Specification for carpenter' s
ratchet brace
7077:
1973
Specification for bending
bars
7958:
1976
Specification for hand vices
8202:
1994
Specification for carpenter' s
wooden bodied planes (first
revision)
8671 :
1977
Specification for nail puller
(31) 7293 :
1974
Safety code for working with
construction machinery
IS No.
(32) 15183
(Part 3) : 2002
(33) 15183
(Part 2) : 2002
(34) 13935 : 1993
(35) 13828 : 1993
(36) 13827 : 1993
(37) 4130: 1991
Title
Maintenance management
for buildings — Guidelines:
Part 3 Labour
Maintenance management
for buildings — Guidelines:
Part 2 Finance
Guidelines for repair and
seismic strengthening of
buildings
Improving earthquake
resistance of low strength
masonry buildings —
Guidelines
Improving earthquake
resistance of earthen
buildings — Guidelines
Safety code for demolition
of buildings {second
revision)
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
69
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11